Bill Gates :: essays research papers

In his high instruct years, charge Gates proclaimed that one day he would be a millionaire. He greatly underestimated himself. He became interested in calculators while in the 8th grade. His school received a hookup to a high powered computer. appoint and his effectual friend Paul Allen used to skip gym class to use the computer. Some judgment of convictions they would even break into the school at night to spend time on the computer. Eventually Bill made his first program. A virtual tic-tac-toe game.The Computer Center Corporation (CCC) wanted to rent a computer from the Digital Co., just now they couldnt pay for it. Digital said they would provide it at no cost if they could find any bugs in their computer. CCC put an amount out in the local paper, and Bill and Paul applied immediately. Although skeptical about hiring two teenagers to do the job, their doubts were quickly dissolved. When they were done, Bill and Paul had compiled a cite of bugs that was over 300 pages lon g Bill was next hired by his school. They wanted him to write a program for use in class scheduling. Bill was happy to do it. He used a programming language called FORTRAN for the first time in this program. FORTRAN was one of the major languages later used at Microsoft. With this program, Bill first took advantage of his skills. He designed the program to put him in classes with no other boys and all the girls he thought were cute, what a true catAt this time Paul and Bill also started their first company called Traf-O-Data. Keep in mind that they are still in high school They designed a program that could analyze traffic counts by machine so counties could get government funding for road projects. They had clients in British Colombia and Delaware but went out of business in 1973 when the government offered the same services for no charge.Bill Gates scored a perfect 800 on the math portion of the SATs. However, kinda of going into computers, which would seem logical, he went to H arvard to become a lawyer. In 1974, a company in Albuquerque, NM, known as MITS made the first home computer. The computer was useless because it had no monitor or keyboard. In place, it had switches to input data and a device similar to a printer to display data. This computer was called Altair and when Bill and Paul heard about it, they were a-twitter.

Contrasting Fortinbras and Laertes with Hamlet Essay -- comparison com

In William Shakespeares tragedy Hamlet, Laertes, Fortinbras and Hamlet find themselves in similar situations. While Hamlet waits for the right time to strike back his fusss death, Laertes learns of his fathers death and immediately wants vengeance, and Fortinbras awaits his chance to recapture land that used to belong to his father. Laertes and Fortinbras go about accomplishing their desires quite differently than Hamlet. While Hamlet acts slowly and carefully, Laertes and Fortinbras try their revenge with haste. Although Laertes and Fortinbras are minor characters, Shakespeare molds them in order to contrast with Hamlet. Fortinbras and, to a greater extent, Laertes act as foils to Hamlet with respect to their motives for revenge, execution of their plans and behavior composition carrying out their plans. Although each character plots to avenge his father in the play, the motives of Laertes and Fortinbras differ greatly than that of Hamlet. Fortinbras, who schemes to rebuild hi s fathers kingdom, leads potassiums of men into battle, attempting to capture a small and worthless tack of Poland. After his uncle warned him against attacking Denmark. The added land will do little to benefit Norways prosperity, but this campaign may cost two thousand souls and twenty thousand ducats (4.4.26) . This shows that pride is a driving factor behind Fortinbras plan because he is willing to put the lives of his countrymen at risk for a minimal gain. Laertes, on the other hand, is compelled to seek revenge because he loses his father and eventually his sister. The root of Laertes revenge appears to be the love for his family because he proclaims that he will be revenged / most throughly for his father (4.5... ...side Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Mack, Maynard. The World of Hamlet. Yale Review. vol. 41 (1952) p. 502-23. Rpt. in Shakespeare Modern Essays in Criticism. Rev. ed. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. New York Oxford University P., 1967. Rosenberg, Marvin. Laertes An Impulsive but Earnest Young Aristocrat. Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ Univ. of Delaware P., 1992. Shakespeare, William. The disaster of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html Ward & Trent, et al. The Cambridge History of English and American Literature. New York G.P. Putnams Sons, 1907-21 New York Bartleby.com, 2000 http//www.bartleby.com/215/0816.html

The Transcontinental Railroad And Westward Expansion Essay example --

The Transcontinental Railroad and Westward ExpansionThesis The transcontinental quetchroad greatly increased Westward expansion inthe United States of the States during the latter half of the nineteenth century.The history of the United States has been influenced by England in many ways.In the second half of the 1800s, the railroad, which was invented in England,had a major motion on Western expansion in the United States."Railroads were born in England, a country with densepopulations, short distances between cities, and largefinancial resources. In America there were differentcircumstances, a sparse population in a huge country, largestretches between cities, and only the smallest amounts ofm whizzy." ("Railroad" 85)The first American railroads started in the 1830s from the Atlantic ports ofBoston, New York City, Philadelphia, Wilmington, Charleston, and Savannah(Douglas 23). Within twenty years, four rail lines had crossed the Allegheniesto reach their goal on W estern Waters of the Great Lakes or the tributaries ofthe Mississippi. Meanwhile, other lines had started West of the Appalachianmountains, and by the mid-1850s Chicago, St. Louis, and Memphis were connectedto the East. Still other lines were stretching Westward, beyond the Mississippi.An international route connected New England and Montreal and another onecrossed Southern Ontario between Niagara, New York, and the Detroit River.During the 1850s, North and South routes were developed both East and West ofthe Alleghenies. It was not until after the Civil War, however, that a unceasingrailroad bridge was constructed across the Ohio River. After the Civil War, thepace of railroad building increased. The Pacific railroads, the Union Pacificbuilding from Omaha, Nebraska, and the Central Pacific building from Sacramento,California, had started to build a transcontinental railroad during the war tohelp promote national unity. They were joined at Promontory, Utah, on May 10,1869, complet ing the first rail connection across the continent.Before the transcontinental railroad, the Eastern railroads had lines racecourseonly as far West as Omaha, Nebraska. The Western railroads had a few linesrunning North and South in California, far West of the wall of the Sierra NevadaMountains. In between these two networks was a huge gap of about seventeenhundred mi... ...chedby wagon, which would have discouraged many if not most of the settlers going tobecome farmers. Unlike the gold miners of the earlier years, the farmers did notdream of acquire rich quickly. They wanted to be self-sufficient, and they feltthat the land on the Prairie could help them do it. The railroad was anincredible catalyst in the population of the Mid-West and without it the area capability still be sparsely populated. The transcontinental railroad proved itsworth and had a tremendous impact on westward expansion. "In less than thirtyyears after the Civil War, all across the enormous gap spanned by the railroad,the interior was being conquered and domesticated." (Cooke 240)BibliographyCooke, Alistair. Alistair Cookes America. New York Alfred A. Knopf, 1977.Douglas, George H. All Aboard The Railroad In American Life. New York ParagonHouse, 1992.Horn, Huston. The Old West The Pioneers. New York Time-Life Books, 1974.Merk, Frederick. History of the Westward Movement. New York Alfred A. Knopf,1978."Railroad." Comptons Encyclopedia. 1990 edition."United States of America." The New Encyclopdia Britannica. 1990 edition.

Review Of John Updikes Review it Was Sad :: essays research papers

Review of John Updikes Review "It Was Sad"I chose to refresh John Updikes Review It Was Sad from the October 14th issueof The New Yorker. In the review, Updike examines several works concerningthe tragedy of the Titanic. He cites these works, I feel, to support his own credit about the event, and the different accounts of what really happened.Updike spends some time disproving the belief that the upper physical body malepassengers heroically sacrificed their own seats on the lifeboats for those less heaven-sent than themselves. He even points out, who he feels, are the realheroes in this catastrophe. This shows he is writing from a moral perspective,relating to these works.He definitely takes the position of the lower class of American society as thistime in history, and even brings up the topic of racism and sexism in the recallof the event. It seems that the ships crew and the lower class passengers werethe near courageous in the eventful two and half hours it took for the ship tototally go under. He provides quotes from the various selections, one being thestatistics of death, by class. These statistics show that, in actuality, moreof the upper class passengers survived than the lower classes (by bothpercentage, and total people).Updike also examines, in depth, the cultural effect of the sinking of theTitanic. The thought that a ship state unsinkable going down on its firstvoyage was at the very least, shocking to the public. Who could look atinvention and progress in the aforementioned(prenominal) way? Updike seems to point out that thepublic at this time is naive and quick to make idealistic judgments.He also refers to the passengers moral standpoints, describing the decisionsthey made non only during the ships final hours but also during the whole trip.To further prove his point, he gives the testimony included in one of the books,concerning a Senator who heard the belly laugh of the suffering passengers but

Productivity Amidst Chaos? Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Productivity Amidst Chaos?The Tragedy of Urban Public SchoolsUrban America has been deteriorating for decades. Plagued with poverty, crime, and unemployment, it is a wonder that educational institutions exist at all. The present state of urban public schools is quite disheartening. With issues to face such as inadequate facilities, widespread violence and rising drop out grade it is no longer a question of who will succeed, it is a question of who will survive. Urban schools have become institutions well skilled in the desensitise of its students to the importance of the qualities that an education should embody idealism, imagination and creativity. Author Jonathan Kozol suggests in Savage Inequalities that public schools promote nothing but inequalities among students. In actuality, finding the root of this line of work is much more involved. The problems in urban public schools are as interconnected as a spiders intricate web. Every strand connects to another and so on, until th e problem is not merely ane segment of the web, but the web itself. Every problem facing urban public schools is intrinsically related to one another. In order to isolate the underlying issue it is necessary to define the one element broad enough to encompass the widest possible range of solutions. Kozols depth psychology depicts inequality as the blanket that covers every single problem in urban schools. More realistically, inequality is merely a strand in the boilersuit web of problems in which America has become entangled. The most pressing issue in todays urban public school constitution is the decayed state of the purlieu in which students are forced to learn. The scenes are nightmarish, One would not have thought that children in America would ever... ...l speaks of savage inequalities there is a deep-seated value for fair play in the United States but this is not the case in education, health care, or inheritance of wealth. In these elemental areas we want the adventure to be unfair and we have made it so and it will likely so remain (Kozol 223). For the past several decades, America has pushed the problems in the education system out of the public eye. The web of uncertainties has since grown so large that it becomes impossible to escape one without charging headfirst into another. The only escape is to start for the beginning supply all ties, and although it is discouraging, allow the old system to fade away. By consciously placing the failure in the past, it then becomes possible to take responsibility for the damage through and move decisively toward building better learning environments for future generations.

Productivity Amidst Chaos? Essay examples -- Essays Papers

Productivity Amidst Chaos?The Tragedy of Urban Public SchoolsUrban America has been deteriorating for decades. Plagued with poverty, crime, and unemployment, it is a wonder that educational institutions exist at altogether. The benefaction state of urban public schools is quite disheartening. With issues to face such as inadequate facilities, widespread violence and rising drop discover rates it is no longer a question of who will succeed, it is a question of who will survive. Urban schools have become institutions well skilled in the desensitizing of its students to the sizeableness of the qualities that an education should embody idealism, imagination and creativity. Author Jonathan Kozol suggests in Savage Inequalities that public schools promote nothing but inequalities among students. In actuality, finding the root of this business is ofttimes more involved. The problems in urban public schools are as interconnected as a spiders intricate meshing. Every strand connects to another and so on, until the problem is not merely one segment of the web, but the web itself. Every problem facing urban public schools is intrinsically related to one another. In order to isolate the underlying issue it is necessary to define the one element broad enough to encompass the widest possible range of solutions. Kozols analysis depicts discrimination as the blanket that covers every single problem in urban schools. More realistically, inequality is merely a strand in the overall web of problems in which America has become entangled. The most pressing issue in todays urban public school system is the decayed state of the environment in which students are forced to learn. The scenes are nightmarish, One would not have thought that children in America would ever... ...l speaks of savage inequalities there is a deep-seated reverence for beauteous play in the United States but this is not the case in education, health care, or inheritance of wealth. In these elemental ar eas we want the game to be unfair and we have made it so and it will likely so remain (Kozol 223). For the past several decades, America has pushed the problems in the education system out of the public eye. The web of uncertainties has since grown so large that it becomes impossible to escape one without charging headfirst into another. The only escape is to start for the beginning cut all ties, and although it is discouraging, allow the old system to fade away. By consciously placing the failure in the past, it then becomes possible to take responsibility for the damage done and pop off decisively toward building better learning environments for future generations.

Crime Reporting

William P Obptande Check Point Crime Reporting and Rates Response Write a 200- to 300-word response in which you name and address the following questions What is the purpose of major crime-reporting schedules? What makes a successful crime-reporting program in the United States? Programs generally report little detailed information about program expenditures and results. Consequently, it is difficult to hold programs accountable for execution of instrument. There is also a lack of information about which programs are effective in reducing crime, due to the slim number of programs that are evaluated for effectiveness.In addition, even when information is available, it is not consistently used to modify program design and accompaniment. There is a lack of coordination among the eightfold state departments that administer crime prevention programs which results in duplication of effort and inefficiencies. Develop standardized review criteria which can be used to determine funding allocations for new and existing crime prevention programs. Require and fund well-designed impact evaluations that increase knowledge about the types of crime prevention programs which are effective, and therefore should be funded.Establish a state crime prevention office within an existing entity or new organization to develop a strategic excogitation to coordinate statewide crime prevention activities. How do crime rates relate to arrest rates and clearance rates? Is there a dash to improve the correlation between crime rates, arrest rates, and clearance rates in the effort to combat criminal activity? * Clearance rate is measured by dividing the number of crimes that are cleared e. g. due to a charge being laid) by the total number of crimes recorded.These are used by discordant criminal justice groups as a measure of crimes solved by the police. Clearance rates can be very problematic for quantity the performance of police services and for comparing various police services. This is because a police force whitethorn employ a very different way of measuring clearance rates. For example, each police force may have a different method of recording when a crime has occurred and different criteria for determining when a crime has been cleared. One police force may appear to have a much better clearance rate simply because of its calculation methodology. In System Conflict Theory, it is argued that clearance rates cause the police to focus on appearing to solve crimes (generating high clearance rate scores) rather than very solving crimes. Further focus on clearance rates may result in effort being expended to attribute crimes (correctly or incorrectly) to a criminal, which may not result in retribution, compensation, rehabilitation or deterrence.

Five Sociological terms and concepts Essay

The purpose of this paper is to talk about the five sociological terms, opinions or theories that I feel have impacted my translateing of the social population. These terms, concepts and theories entangle the social wrench of reality, sociological perspective, observational research, operational commentary and debunking. I will define each concept and then briefly explain how the concept helped me understand the process by which reality is socially constructed. The first concept that impacted my understanding of the social world is the social construction of reality. The social construction of reality is our perception of reality is built for us by other people. It isnt determined by other people but it is heavily influenced by other people. Things that influence our social construction of reality could be our parents, friends, neighborhoods we lived in, schools we attended and everybody and everything we came in contact throughout our lives. The social construction of reality helped me better understand how reality is socially constructed because it showed me how other people can influence an individual and shaped them into the person they are.The second concept that impacted my understanding of the social world is the sociological perspective. A perspective is the way to see the world. There are many antithetic perspectives that include anything from The Historical eyeshot to The Psychological scene. Specifically, The Sociological Perspective states that the world doesnt consist of a reality that everyone sees in the exact same way. Everyone views situations from different angles. With The Sociological Perspective, it doesnt matter who is right and who is wrong. The Sociological Perspective is only concerned with whether they are seeing the big picture. The Sociological Perspective exists so that we can view social reality from as many perspectives as possible instead of anticipateing at it from your own. The Sociological Perspective helped me bette r understand how reality is socially constructed because now I actively use it look at situations, I now try to view situations from other peoples perspectives.The third concept that impacted my understanding of the social world is observational research. Observational look for is a tool that sociologistsuse to gather data on certain subjects and theories. First there is Participant Observation. Participant Observation is the observation on a subject that is done personally the researcher. The second type is Naturalistic Observation. Naturalistic Observation is the observation of subjects in their natural environment usually without the knowledge of the subjects in order to get more accurate data. Observational Research helped me better understand how reality is socially constructed by producing data that opens our minds in the social world.The off term that impacted my understanding of the social world is Operational Definition. Operational Definition is a definition that can be m easured. Operational Definitions specify definitions as much as possible. It can be measured in many different ways, whether it be numerical or just a more proper(postnominal) definition of a word. Operational Definition helped me better understand how society is socially constructed by giving a more descriptive definition of different word that would otherwise would not have been measured.The fifth and final concept that impacted my understanding of the social world is Debunking. Debunking is one of Peter Bergers motifs for sociological consciousness. Debunking is the examining of social beliefs to see if theyre supported by empirical evidence. Its used to look beyond the facts and refers to looking at the under-the-table patterns and processes that shape the behavior observed in the social world. Debunking helped me better understand how society is socially constructed by proving that things arent always what they look alike until you look past the surface and see the things th at shape our behavior in the social world.This papers purpose was to talk about the five sociological terms, concepts or theories that I feel have impacted my understanding of the social world. The paper included social construction of reality, sociological perspective, observational research, operational definition and debunking, all of which impacted my understanding of how society is socially constructed.

Unit case study

Technical Institute Skin cancer, otherwise known as fell melanoma, has become a serious epidemic in the United States over the last several years. Approximately one in 60 state will develop some form of skin cancer in their life time. With tanning beds and drawn-out outdoor tanning becoming more common, as well as being tan become the new beauty tip. However, genetics still plays a very important role in skin cancer. It has been said that people with minimal melanin genes, the gene that determines hair and eye color, are more susceptible to skin cancer to do their light hair, eyes and graceful kin.Most skin cancer cases are caused by ultraviolet rays, however, approximately five percent of cases are inherited. The risk of melanoma is doubled in the first point relatives of those who have had melanoma. (Stamp-Posthumous J, Van Dunedin C, Schaffer E, Pink J, Bergman W, 2001 4422-7). The most common type of skin cancer in the United States is Basal Cell (2014 Stanford medicine) Pi gments are what prepare your skin its color. Melanin, carotene and hemoglobin are three different types of pigment that affect your skin color. When you are in the sun the ultraviolet rays activate the melancholys which conjure up melanin.The melanin Is what causes your skin to tan. This helps protect your skin from damage. Melanin absorbs ultraviolet rays and prevents the rays from damaging or affecting the DNA In epidermal cells. It has also been studied that due to the ozone layer depleting over the years, your own pigment can no longer handle the strength of the ultraviolet rays, also contributing to the increase in melanoma (Chickasaws T, Kodak K, Amounts J, Takeaway S). With any of the new Information and studies available to today there Is no reason to doubt the importance of wearing sunscreen whenever you are exposed to the sun for extended periods of time.

Brain Drain in India Essay

The concept of outlook drain is of a recent one that has ever strongly emerged since the last few decades. The enunciate brain drain refers to the increasing tendency of the young, energetic, capable and talented youth of a country to migrate to an other country in search of their circle rather kick downstairs fortune. They forsake their motherland for they seek better opportunities in other countries. This has become a characteristic more of the intelligentsia of the nationthe doctors, engineers, scientists, M.B.As, C.As, lawyers and other professionals.Investment in education in a developing country may not lead to faster economic growth if a astronomical number of its highly educated people leave the country. The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) estimates that India loses $2 billion a year because of the emigration of computer experts to the U.S.45 Indian students going abroad for their higher stu choke offs costs India a foreign exchange outflow of $10 billion annu ally. Our country is gradually being deprived of its able capacity. mentality drain is also regarded as an economic cost, since emigrants usually take with them the fraction of value of their training sponsored by the government. Our nation, if this continues, allow for be rendered intellectually necessitous and impotent. This, in turn, is leading to a great loss of National wealth.But, abide we ever thought of the reasons behind much(prenominal) a great movement of brain outside the country? Like always, we prefer to harp upon the problems rather than find a solution. Why does India, a great and domineering nation in Asia, exhaust to face such a grave and serious problem? Why is our youth allured by the stranger meadows and horizons? Why do they prefer to work profound and be honest there, instead of here?The first answer to this problem is that we have utterly failed to our youth in providing the right kind of career opportunities and the opportunities to cut their capabi lities.India has fallen face down when it comes to fulfilling their aspirations, ambitions and dreams. Countries similar USA, UK, Germany, France, Russia, Italy, Japan etc have developed greatly in their technology, science, electronics, computers, astronomy etc. Thus, these countries provide greater opportunitiesquality as well as quantity-wise. The facilities, packages, scholarships etc provided by these nations are far better than what we canprovide them in a lifetime. The only thing we can do is that when Indians like Amartya Sen, Arundhati Roy or Kalpana Chawla make it to international fame, we jump with joy and hypocritically say that they are Indians and we are proud of them.Cynics allege that talents like these can never hide. It will unreveal itself ultimately under every or any circumstances. This is utter foolishness. It is only reasonable and logical to think how you can expect a seed to hit without providing it with sufficient water, fertilizer, manure, heat and prote ction. Same is the case with men too. How can the youth of a nation rise to superhuman feats when we cannot even provide them with humane conditions? He too, has a right to live and move ahead.Therefore, his reason leads him elsewhere in search of the land of his dreams where he can see these dreams, taking real shape. He can soar high, fly to his own liking in other countries whereas his wings are clipped short and he is left to suffocate and die on his own. Moreover, when Indian students, studying abroad return, they find themselves without any job or opportunity because we in reality have no jobs or concern avenues to match their caliber. Hence, even if they want to stay back, necessity forces them out of the country to earn a living.If we want to put a check to this growing problem, we have to create better jobs and offer better opportunities to our intellectuals so that we can woo them to stay on. Our IT professionals and IIM graduates are the best in the world. Countries welc ome them with open arms. Why wobble we think of some measures where we can absorb our best within our own country? We can use the best potential of the country to accelerate our climb on in socio-economic fields.We need to give deserving jobs to students who return to India after completing their education abroad full of fresh ideas, zeal, idealism and patriotism. We need to formulate such policies which attract our scientists, engineers, lawyers, doctors, researchers, MBAS to come back to their motherland and work together for its progress. We need to weed out petty politics and corruption to provide a better living atmosphere and a better working condition if we seriously want to block the brain drain from our country. We recognize the greatest strength of India is not just the numberof people, its the skill level that exists here say an International Company.REFERENCESLincoln C. Chen, M.D., and Jo Ivey Boufford, M.D. Fatal Flows Doctors on the Move New England Journal of Medici ne, peck 35318501852 October 27, 2005 Number 17 online version, editorialCheng, L., & Yang, P. Q. Global interaction, global inequality, and migration of the highly trained to the United States. International Migration Review, (1998). 32, 62694.Jeff Colgan, The Promise and Peril ff International Trade, (2005) ch 9.David Heenan.Flight Capital The Alarming Exodus of the Statess Best and Brightest (2005), brain drain in reverse as immigrants return homeDevesh Kapur and John McHale. Give Us Your Best and Brightest The Global Hunt for natural endowment and Its Impact on the Developing World (2005) 2Dowty, Alan (1989), Closed Borders The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement, Yale University Press, ISBN 0300044984Harrison, Hope Millard (2003), Driving the Soviets Up the Wall Soviet-East German Relations, 19531961, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0691096783Kemp, Paul. bye-bye Canada? (2003), from Canada to U.S.Khadria, Binod. The Migration of Knowledge Workers Second-Generation E ffects of Indias straits Drain, (2000)Kuznetsov, Yevgeny. Diaspora Networks and the International Migration of Skills How Countries Can Draw on Their Talent Abroad (2006)D. W. Livingstone The Education-Jobs Gap Underemployment or Economic Democracy (1998), tension on Canada online editionDouglas S. Massey and J. Edward Taylor International Migration Prospects and Policies in a Global Market, (2003) online editionMullan, Fitzhugh. The Metrics of the Physician Brain Drain. New England Journal of Medicine, Volume 35318101818 October 27, 2005 Number 17 online versionCaglar Ozden and Maurice Schiff. International Migration, Remittances, and Brain Drain. (2005)Ransford W. Palmer In Search of a Better Life Perspectives on Migration from the Caribbean Praeger Publishers, 1990 online editionPearson, Raymond (1998), The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire, Macmillan, ISBN 0312174071Ronald Skeldon and Wang Gungwu Reluctant Exiles? Migration from Hong Kong and theNew Overseas Chinese 1994 onli ne editionMichael Peter metalworker and Adrian Favell. The Human Face of Global Mobility International Highly Skilled Migration in Europe, North America and the Asia-Pacific, (2006)Thackeray, Frank W. (2004), Events that changed Germany, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0313328145David Zweig, Chen Changgui, and Stanley Rosen Chinas Brain Drain to the United States Views of Overseas Chinese Students and Scholars in the 1990s Institute of East Asian Studies, 1995 online edition

Poverty and Crime Essay

Relationship between pauperisation and offense. Name Course University Tutor Date first appearance There is no single definition of distress. One definition holds that meagreness is the societys regular of living in a particular magazine and the great unwashed argon said to be poor when they cannot nevertheless afford their basic necessities or if their income is insufficient. Crime is the violation of the rule of law as it is stipulated in the constitution. Its extend calls for measures and sanctions that ensure that social order prevails.There is a correlation between privation and crime though many who claim that there atomic number 18 few states where poverty is very high deplete refuted this argument. They argue that the crime in these beas is very is secondary. This research paper, will discuss intensively about poverty and crime. It will analyze the relationship between poverty and the crime directs, its root arrests and federal agency of its eradication. Who a re the poor? scantness is defined differently by various agencies in America. Generally it could be said to be the deprivation of the basic needs such as food, cloth and shelter.Depending on the standards of living opportunities, employment and enjoy that fellow citizens enjoy their lives but this does not meet that the set living standard is under poverty line. Poverty can be categorized in to three classes namely absolute poverty, social exclusion and relative poverty. These classes have different resources that would promote harmony between the body and the soul. Relative category denotes neediness of resources needed for one to participate fully in issues that affect their life.The third class of poverty is what is referred to as an area that lacks Begin Match to source 5 in source list (8-18-03) http//www. ic. gov. au/conferences/cypc/proceedings. pdfa combination ofEnd Match various necessities Begin Match to source 5 in source list (8-18-03) http//www. aic. gov. au/confer ences/cypc/proceedings. pdfsuch as unemployment, poorEnd Match infrastructure, Begin Match to source 5 in source list (8-18-03) http//www. aic. gov. au/conferences/cypc/proceedings. pdflowEnd Match income and substandard skills. According to the United earths world summit of social development, poverty is a condition in which one is deprived of the basic needs such as food, purify water sanitation, heath and education.According the 2006 statistics on poverty, the poverty rate in the united state declined from 12. 6%, as it was the case in 2005. When this was translated in to figures it meant that 36. 5 citizens lived in penny, as it was the cases in 2005. Currently about 12% of the population in the United States lives below the poverty threshold. Poverty in America any(prenominal)times is not something stable as it fluctuates with time for some flock earns more than the set poverty line but in other(a) times, they earn below it. As per the 2001 statistics, minors were the most affected of all groups in the industrialized nations America being the worst because 14. % of the minors lived below the poverty line. This as well as by and large affected the Americans. (Haveman RH. 1987)According to the United States Research Center, the poverty rate has increased over the recent past from what it has been for over twenty-six years. In the past, it was 11. 3 part but in 2004 it stood at 12. 7 percent though this gradually declined in the year 2006 to 12. 3 percent. In the period between 2000-2006, the poverty take among the minors significantly increased from 16. 2 percent to 17. 8 percent but in following two years it decline to 17. 4 percent.Poverty in America varies across race, family, sex and age but America has registered a decline in poverty rate when compared with the 1990s figures. This could be attributed to the frugal depression. The current rate is still bigger than that of the 1970s. As per the United States Census Bureau, it calculates the rate of poverty by assessing the much one earns and his purchasing power. As it is note above that poverty varies in America, poverty rate is highest among the juniors who are under 18 years. According to a survey that was done in 1998, the poverty rate amongst children was 18. 9% and this was a decrease from the 1997 figure.The rate of poverty to those who are under six years was 20. 6% in 1998. The rate for those within the bracket of 18-64 was 10. 9%. In 2005 the poverty rate for over those 65 years was 9. 4 percent than that of 2005 which was 10. 1 percent while that of the minors stood at 17. 4% Depending on muckles nationality, those who were born in America had a poverty level of 11. 9% or an equivalent of 30. 8 million people in the year 2007 and this was the equivalent as it was in 2006. To the foreigners, the poverty level in 2006 slightly went subjugate to 15. 2% when compared with the 2005 figure and in 207 the figure still went down. Moore D. 2007)Causes of poverty. Pov erty has many causes and some of them are overpopulation, unequal distribution of resources high living standards, lack of comely education and skills, lack of employment, economic and distribution of people in a location, lifelike disasters. Overpopulation can be linked with poverty. In areas that have a lot of people, there is wring in resources as people tend to deplete them because dis arrangeation there in but this is not a major cause of poverty in US. The real causes of poverty in USA are low wages and lack of reliable and well paying employment.In America over two thirds of all poor households with some children rely on wholly one or two people who are in jobs. However, many of them are in low paying jobs that cannot uphold them to meet their needs. Many people do not catch up with jobs because of a number of factors. Some of them do not have the required skills while others are handicaps, personal hazards and general unfitness to perform. In America people who were s ometime in the past employed but due to some reasons such as misconducts were dismissed are poor. They could also have been dismissed due to insubordination, unionism or because of participating in strikes.When people do not nourish good jobs or are not at all employed, they cannot provide their families with their necessities and hence the high rate of poverty. In America most of the unemployed turn to drug abuse. (Dwarkin R. 2005) Another thing that cause poverty in America is that there is a very high living condition. With little money, it is not possible to get adequate food, shelter and habiliments many who claim to be employed are in low paying jobs that pay minimum wages and this is the problem that non employed face. Because USA is a developed nation, the prices of items are very high so anyone earning a dollar a day finds it hard to survive.For example a Mexican can get one dollar in hour and then buy some food for the family. The same case applies in America where food is very big-ticket(prenominal) one whitethorn earn five dollars in a day only to spend all of this money on food. Generally life standard in America is very high and for this reason many are considered to live below poverty line. This causes most Americans to have physical and mental disabilities and may lead to pathological disorders. This has been a problem to many because once you get addicted to drugs as your life becomes dependent on them.In such a situation, then you prioritize drugs instead of other things that are more important. These drugs cause a mind to fail to function properly and for this reason they cannot secure themselves jobs in America. Mental inability, social problem and disability are some of the challenges that Americans face. Disabled people cannot be able to compete effectively in the search for jobs as physically normal people do. Because they have low incomes, their families give them special attention and this puts strain to their meager resources. Thes e people are also isolated by others something that increases the level of social stigma.Another thing is exclusion in the social processes and this has been another cause of poverty in America. It happens when people do not get a chance of leading a normal life. It occurs to the disabled, the imprisoned and to the people who have language difficulties. The homeless and the ex- prisoners as well as those that are injury from aids are also affected. These factors have greatly led to the increase in poverty cases. It should be understood that these people though they are not actively participating in social processes, they still require food, shelter and clothing. (Cohen S. 985) Poverty and crime Crime is doing contrary to what is required by the constitution. Many people indulge themselves in criminal activities if they do not meet their basic needs. Most people become criminals because of poverty but it should not be forget that others deem it a career. According to the conflict t heories, economic strife has been related or associated with crimes. Many people who do not have any other source of their livelihood, result to crimes such as burglary, assault and robbery. Most of these individuals are socially propelled to behave this way due to their poverty level and social alienation. emergence in per capital income tends to reduce crime rate something that attests to the fact that poverty leads to crime. Crime rate depends on social and cultural factors for example if many children are born by single mothers then the level of the crime goes up. Most children who are fatherless are more likely to become criminals because they lack proper attention at home as their mother cannot meet their basic needs. They go to the streets to seek solace. Crime rates. There are three things that could be attributed to the initiate in crime rates in America. These are for example the rise of outbreaks.This was one major cause of crimes in the 1986 and in 1960s and 70s there w ere some family policies that were make which resulted to upsurge in juvenile delinquency. The third cause of crime is the saturation of the criminal systems. (Cassdill H. 1962) This has compromised the fight against crime as prisoners are being sentenced for a shorter period than they should and are prematurely released. When this happens, they leave prisons uncorrected. According to a research that was done by the Kirwan Institute increase in poverty was linked to high-ranking crime rate.This is because when the poverty level goes beyond a certain point it invites crime. In the United States, the high rate of illegitimate births is linked to crime preponderance and this is as a result of many single parented households. When these children do not get the proper care that they deserve, they turn to crimes. According to Milton Eisenhowers foundation, 70 per cent of all African Americans in America have single mothers. While only eighteen per cent of all the whites have single moth er. The increase in single motherhood increases the prospects of people indulging themselves in crimes.Most poor people engage themselves in crimes such as prostitution, selling drugs and even murder while others engage in juvenile crimes. What should be done to control this level of crime rate is to make some reforms in the discriminatory system to ensure they are more effective. Criminal should be jailed for a term that is equivalent to the crime they committed. The tougher and reasonable judges should be put on the bench to ensure that justice would take its course. Those violent offenders should not be on the loose especially when they are supposed to be serving their term in prison.This is the only way the high rate of crime could be scaled down. The way forward. There are various ways of eradicating poverty in America and one of them is ensuring that property rights that are respected to the letter. Property rights should be seen as the same as human rights. All American cit izens have a right to own property wherever they want. If this is properly addressed the gap between the prolific and poor would be reduced. The main cause of crime in USA is because the poor living in close proximity with the rich.Also those lacking reliable income are forced to look for alternative means of meeting their basic needs. The presence of both rich and the poor people puts the government in a very tricky place, as it is impossible to demand taxes for it is not easy to determine who should pay and who should not. (Smeeding TM et al, 1990) The United States government can reduce the poverty level by providing the poor with some petty(a) amount so that they could start some businesses as it was done in the Western States under a program known as a social welfare State in the 20th Century.Those that should be taken care of are at least the poor and the disabled as they are the most disadvantage in the society. People are social beings and for this reason they cannot si t back and watch their friends continue suffering so the government should come up with almsgiving Programs that would allow people to channel assistance of any kind to the poor as the rich might be willing to help them. These organizations should either be voluntary or non-profit making groups.The United States government should embark on subsidized households and health check issues. The government should also analyze the importance of subsidized medical care than the free governmentally supported health care. The poor should be provided with employment by the government as not all poor people lack the relevant job skills. Lack of employment in America is one reason that increases poverty prevalence so if they are given jobs they would be able to meet their basic necessities and this would help in reducing the gap between the rich and the poor.The poor should also be helped in accessing free health care. Most poor people do not even afford to go to hospitals once they get sick and stay at home. This also puts strain on their meager income making them to become even poorer. The government should also offer free family planning programs as many who turn to be criminals are from those households that do not provide them with proper attention.Children from single parented households and especially those that are headed by the mother are more likely to result into beseeming criminals. These families should be provided with some family allowances by the government so as they would take care of children properly to avoid them being attracted to become juvenile criminals. The poor who loosely live in ghettos should be provided with better housing facilities for example the government should upgrade these ghettos so that they would enjoy life just like the rich do.This would help in bridging the gap between the rich and the poor Currently the talk on poverty is still on going and has become a test tool among the presidential candidates. They are promising Ameri cans what they will do once they become the next US president come the 2008 Election. Obama who is one of these candidates promised the Americans that he would prove Twenty Promise Households and especially in the areas that are affected by high levels of poverty and crime. They would operate just like the Harlem Childrens Home operates.He said he will spend about six US dollars on this program and this will benefit the Harlem, the town Hall Education and the Town Hall Education. (Kristof N. D. 2008) Both Edward and Obama are challenging Hillary Clinton who up to now has not come up with any poverty reduction proposal. Obamas speech was in general on urban and rural areas and most particularly on city initiatives while Edward focused on this poverty issue might have a lot of impact on who will be chosen as the president of the United States of America.Edward said that he would relocate the poor families so that they would be in a place where they would easily access jobs and othe r facilities. From the research findings, it is safe to conclude that poverty greatly contributes to the rise in crime level that is both are interrelated. This is evident in that poor people inhabit regions that register high crime rate. (Kristof N. D. 2008) When poor people lack their basic needs, they holiday resort to crimes such as drug selling and trafficking, juvenile delinquency and assaults.There are various measures that if they are undertaken, the crime level would definitely go down and some of these are to strengthen the correction and legal system and to empower the poor people so that the gap between the rich and poor would be closed. This is something that is of prime concern to the 2008 presidential candidates such as Obama who promised to boost the cities initiative especially those that work to help the poor. Indeed, there is a relationship between poverty and crime prevalence in United States of America. Most of the crimes occur in areas that are occupied by th e poor people.When people are wallowing in poverty they are prone to indulge themselves in criminal acts. In order to reduce the rate of crime, the government should try to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor. The poor should be economically be strengthened and their living standards be uplifted. Houses in the ghettos should be upgraded to improve the quality of life for the poor. To reduce the level of crimes, the judicial system should be adjusted so as to make it more effective. The laws should be enforced to ensure they are followed to the letter.

Rhetorical Analysis Bittman

The Rhetorical Analysis of the Seriousness of Food Thinking about the wideness and significance of intellectual nourishment respective to our health, ethnic farming and society can cause cavernous, profound, and tear down questionable thoughts such as Is food taken for granted? , Is specialty foods just a fad or a change in lifestyle? , and even Is food becoming the enemy. Mark Bittman, an established food journalist, wrote an article called Why take food seriously? In this article, Bittman enlightens the ref with a brief history lesson of Americas appreciation of food over the a stylus decades.This history lesson leads to where the social standing of food is at once and how it is upholding not only the people of America, but also the rest of the world. Bittman attempts to display cognisantness in his audience by supporting his design and encouraging his readers to see his perspective with three proofs of suasion ethos, boy, and poignancy. Bittmans ethos is immediately realized simply by dint of who his stature. Bittman has been a food journalist for the past thirty two years. Within that time, he has managed to write bestselling books including How to Cook Everything, How to Cook Everything Vegetarian, and Food Matters. He also writes for the New York Times in his own every week column called The Minimalist. Along with professional experience, there is personal experience. The article opens with Bittman stating, Our relationship with food is changing more(prenominal) rapidly than ever, and like many others, Ive watched in awe. Bittman has been a food journalist since 1980. Therefore, he has witnessed the ever changing perspective of food in society with an unusual perspective. He has observed and followed the effects of which foods has brought away to health, media, and the rest of the world.This gives the reader a sense of trust because he has experienced it first hand. Even with his palpable experience and expertise with food, his ethos is continued throughout the article. Bittman exemplifies his ethos through his use of sarcasm. He says, Each year, each month it sometimes seems, there are more signs that convenience, that mid-20th-century curse word, may give way to quality even what you might call wholesomeness just before we all turn into the shake-sucking fatties of Wall-E. The movie Wall-E is an extremely recent and popular Pixar film.It is about Earth no longer providing animate conditions for life. This causes humans to live in a space craft where robots did essentially everything for them the result, shake-sucking fatties. Bittmans use of sarcasm throughout the entire article adds a risible relief giving the reader a sense that Bittman is just a normal funny guy. Along with using his humor, Bittman makes references to well known figures in todays society, like Wall-E. By doing this, Bittman shows that he is current and up to date with media and society.He references, We were ripe for the Food Network s Emeril, Rachael, Mario and Bobby, who created a buzz based on celebrity that grabbed not only the middle-aged and the young but also the very young. Food network is incredibly popular along with the networks stars that Bittman referenced. Bittman displays that he is well noesisable of who is who and what is what in todays society. Bittmans ethos is exemplified through his professional and personal experiences, along with his humor and up to date knowledge of media. Bittman goes on to establish logos through structure.He begins with a quick introduction of who he is and discloses the problem of societys relationship with food and it changing rapidly. Bittman consequently presents a brief history lesson starting with before the 1950s leading to today. He says, Until 50 years ago, of course, every household had at least matchless person who took food seriously every day. But from the 1950s on, the majority of the population began contentedly cooking less and less, eating out mor e and more and devouring food that was worse and worse, until the horrible global slop served by fast-food and casual dining chains came to dominate the scene.One result an unprecedented rise in obesity levels and a not-unrelated climb in health-care costs. Bittman continues to go through each decade presenting new facts about what was the thing or latest fad at that time. For example he says, Of course, food continues to be fetishizedorganic foodhas been commodified the federal government subsidizes almost all of the wrong kinds of food production supermarkets peddle way too much nonreal food (junk food or, to use my mothers word, dreck) and weight-loss diets still discourage common-sense eating. By individually going through each decade, it helps the reader see the evidence Bittman presents. It then furthers what societys relationship towards food has evolved into. Also, it allows the reader to understand and relate. The reader, depending on their age, can mentally extend back t o previous decades and think back to instances they remember experiencing themselves. Bittman establishes logos through structuring a time line for the reader to understand and relate to. Lastly Bittman exerts pathos through his mood and tone. The mood of the article transfers into awareness and humorous but possibly the actual reality.The reader can distinguish Bittmans attempt to kick up awareness for the topic from his presentation of what he believes to be the real issues, The real issues how do we grow and raise, distribute and sell, prepare and eat food? And how do our patterns of doing these things affect the rest of the world (and vice versa)? are simply too big to ignore. By Bittman directly pointing out what the real issues are, the reader is automatically more aware of the problems with food. The reader now ponders what they can change and do or learn to help relinquish the issues at hand.Bittman continues to raise awareness, more so in a comical way, when he states T his has ledmany Americans to think as much about food as they do about Survivor or theN. F. L which is to say a lot and its preparation is no longer limited to what was once called a housewife. Bittmans is saying this too purposely so the reader has an eye opener moment, while others may get a chuckle out of it. Either way, Bittman is trying to compel the reader to be conscious of what the importance and significance of food has become. Bittman uses his sarcasm to enforce awareness upon the reader.Bittmans tone throughout the article ranges from sarcastic to passionate to a want for change. He says, Ive never been more hopeful. (In fact, I was never hopeful at all until recently. ) Bittman is stating that he believes there is potential for change and people are realizing that food involve to be taken seriously. He continues to express his sense of humor intermixed with his passion and hope for change when he concludes the article with, Perhaps just in time, were saying, Hold the shake, and looking for something more wholesome. Bittman is ending the scene and leaving the reader with something to ponder.Bittman sets his tone and the mood of the article to leave a lasting impression on the reader. Mark Bittman used the three proofs of persuasion to better appeal to his audience. He exemplifies ethos by using his professional and personal experiences. Bittman then moves on to establish logos through the structure of a time line of facts for the reader to understand and relate to. Lastly, Bittman creates pathos with his spewing emotion of passion, awareness, and sarcasm. He portrays these emotions through his tone and mood. Bittman uses the three proofs of persuasion to open the readers eyes to the seriousness of food.

Drinking culture Essay

inebriant merchandise is a spherical phenomenon, in which an increasingly small number of companies cut down considerable sums to establish and embed their instigants in the lives and lifestyles of populations. Market explore info offers insight into the size and ex ten-spott of the orbiculate inebriant trade, and the magnitude of inebriant publicise expenditures. Recent examples of alcoholic beverage marketing in a variety of national contexts illustrate the techniques practice sessiond by the global companies.The effects of this marketing on novel person passel argon described in reviews of young look for studies on jejuneness motion-picture show to alcohol marketing and the effects of that exposure, interpretive toughies to explain the effects of alcohol marketing on young people, whether alcohol advertizement targets young people, and assessments of the effectiveness of regulatory restrictions on marketing and other countermeasures. Despite the failure of world wellness research to keep pace with smartly developing marketing technologies, there is a growing body of evidence that alcohol marketing influences young peoples deglutition behavior.Measures to reduce that impact should be considered by national governments seeking to limit the public wellness burden caused by pestiferous use of alcohol. KEY WORDS alcohol, publicize, youth, globalisation, marketing. AUTHOR S NOTE Support for development of an earlier version of this paper was provided by the World Health Organization. 2010 by Federal Legal Publications, Inc. 58 GLOBAL alcohol merchandising From a public health perspective, alcohol marketing matters.While there is tremendous mixed bag in the kinds of alcohol available throughout the world, from communally-produced traditional potables to globalized mass consumer outputs, the globalized beverages play a particular role. They are, of their essence, marketed products, and as much(prenominal) are often the most c lear manifestation of alcoholic beverages in a society. In this sense they lead the market for alcoholic beverages, providing an affordable badge of participation in western culture.As socioeconomic status rises in a developing nation, the likelihood of using these products tends to increase, along with western cultural orientation (Eide, Acuda, & Roysamb, 1998). Globalized alcoholic beverages are branded products, and win from the latest developments in marketing technology designed to embed the brand in the lives and minds of the target consumers (Aaker, 1996). Branding and marketing knowledge are critical to their globalization because, according to one researcher working from the standpoint of the survival of global firms, in non-science-based industries such(prenominal) as alcoholic beverages .. . brands and marketing knowledge rather than scientific innovation are central in explaining the growth and survival of multinational firms (Lopes, 2003).Using this marketing knowledg e, the global brands gain ubiquity through traditional media, sponsorships, and on-premise promotions, as well as newfangled media such as mobile phones, podcasting, and the Internet. Both research on the health effects of this marketing activity and public health responses to mitigate those effects are hard pressed to keep up with the industrys pace of innovation.Given this situation, this article reviews the shape and size of the global supply of marketed alcoholic beverages, describes whatsoever of the forms this marketing is taking in developed and developing societies, summarizes research on the effects of that marketing, and then outlines possible public health policy responses. 59 The global alcohol market An overview harmonize to Impact Databank, a lead market research firm serving the alcoholic beverage industry, premium globalized (branded) spirits account for approximately 44% of the issue forth spirits products available around the world (Banaag, 2009).The alcohol ind ustry funded International Center for alcoholic suck up Policies reports that branded beer accounts for at least 38% of globally-available beer, and branded wine makes up at least 27% of the global wine supply (International Center for alcoholic beverage Policies, 2006). Global value of the branded sector is unknown however, sales volume of a single marketthe united Stateswas estimated at $154. 9 billion in 2004 (Adams Beverage Group, 2005).Advertising expenditures (on broadcast, in print, and out-of-home) in that market in 2005 were $2 billion (Center on Alcohol selling and Youth, 2007b). According to the U. S. Federal Trade cathexis, total alcohol marketing expenditures in the United States are approximately double this figure, with the remainder spent on un metrical marketing activities such as sponsorships, product placements, campus promotions, and point-ofpurchase advertise (Federal Trade Commission, 2008).According to Adams Beverage Group, another industry market resear ch firm, spirits and beer marketing account for to a greater extent(prenominal) than 93% of measured alcohol ad expenses in the United States. These two sectors apparent dominate in the rest of the world as well, and this section will focus on the activities of global marketers in these two categories. Within the global beer and spirits industries, a small number of companies dominate. As of 2007, 44. 9% of global branded spirits were marketed by the ten largest companies, as shown in Table 1.High levels of concentration hand been the rule in this segment of the industry since at least 1991 (Jernigan, 2009), through multiple waves of mergers that receive increased the size of the swipe five almost companies (now with a market share of approximately 36%) relative to the rest of the market. * 60 GLOBAL ALCOHOL trade TABLE 1 ten largest global distilled spirits companies, 2006 and 2007 *Not in the top 10 in 2006. SOURCES Impact Databank 2008a, Impact Databank, 2008c. TABLE 2 Ten largest brewers, 1979/80 and 2007 *Not in the top 10 in 1979/80.SOURCE Cavanagh and Clairmonte, 1985 Impact Databank 2008b) 61 The majority of the market share for globally-branded beer, in contrast, has single deep arduous in the hands of the ten largest brewers. The five leading brewers directly control more than half of the global market as estimated by Impact. As of 2008, concentrating and combining continue InBev recently acquired Anheuser-Busch, which in turn has the majority ownership stake in Grupo Modelo but does not gull management control, and which besides owns 27% of Qingdao medicinal drugal composition SABMiller merged with Molson Coors to form MillerCoors.(Market share information after these mergers is not available at this writingTable 2 reflects the most recent data available. ) According to Advertising Age, six of these alcoholic beverage producers are among the worlds 100 largest advertisers (Wentz, 2007). As Table 3 shows, the spending of these compa nies is heavily concentrated in the United States and Europe. Global advertising expenditures of these six companies alone totaled more than $2 billion in 2006.Advertising Ages figures are probably not complete, and they do not add spending of wholly- or majority-owned subsidiaries into the spending of the parent friendship. The publication provides data on advertising spending in 86 countries, but only provides the top 100 globally, and the top 10 spenders by country. As shown in Table 4, the leading companies or their subsidiaries are among the top 10 in 15 of the 86 countries12 developing countries, one emerging market, and two developed nations.The shape of contemporary alcohol marketing As branded products, alcoholic beverages build their identities with a complex mix of marketing technologies. As a leading marketing theorist has written, The presence of a brand (or eventide the attitudes held toward it) can serve to define a person with respect to others so that the brand be comes an exten- 62 TABLE 3 GLOBAL ALCOHOL MARKETING Worlds largest alcoholic beverage advertisers and their advertising expenditures by region, 2006 SOURCE Wentz, 2007. Other includes Canada, Africa and the Middle East.TABLE 3 Alcohol marketers among the ten largest advertisers in a country, by region, 2006 63 SOURCE Wentz. 2007. The Shape of Contemporary Alcohol Marketing. 64 GLOBAL ALCOHOL MARKETING sion or an integral part of the self (Aaker, 1996). Marketers accomplish this extension of the self by embedding brands in the lives and lifestyles of the target consumers, positioning them as an integral part of cultural and sporting events, as well as cultures, lifestyles, and even value systems (Fleming & Zwiebach, 1999 Klein, 1999).The mix of technologies employed to accomplish this include traditional advertising as well as sponsorships, sweepstakes, couponing, product placement, new product development, point-of-purchase materials and promotions, person-to-person and viral marke ting, distribution and sale of branded merchandise, and the use of new and emerging technologies such as mobile phones and the Internet. The advertising spending figures above are for traditional or measured advertising activity alone.In this arena, alcohol marketing gains enormous exposure to the population, both that of legal insobriety ages and below that age. Researchers in China absorb estimated that a city-dwelling young person who watches an average of 2 hours of evening telly will see more than 900 alcohol ads a course of study (Zhang, 2004). In Australia, a Curtin University research group used advertising industry data to compare the exposure of under(a)age and young heavy(a) drinkers to alcohol advertising on television.The researchers bring that 13- to 17-year-olds were exposed to the same level of alcohol advertising as 18- to 24-year-olds (the legal alcoholism age in Australia is 18), and that 90% of alcohol ads, mostly for beer and premixed alcopop drinks, wer e screened when more than 25% of the viewing audience was underage (MacNamara, 2006). In Spain, researchers analyzed alcohol advertising in youthfocused written mass media from 2002 to 2006. The study found that alcohol advertising comprised 3. 8% of all magazine advertising and 8. 6% of the advertising in magazines which permitted alcohol advertising in their pages.Three out of six youth-oriented magazines identified permitted alcohol advertising (Montes-Santiago, Muniz, & Bazlomba, 2007). 65 In the United States, the Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth at Georgetown University has besides used market research databases to find, for example, that U. S. television advertising for alcohol in 2007 reached 96% of the adult population (defined in the U. S. as those 21 and over) an average of 446 times. At the same time, the advertising reached 89% of youth under the legal drinkable age (i. e. , ages 12 to 20) an average of 436 times (Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth, 2008).Maga zine advertising for alcohol in 2006 reached 94% of the adult population an average of 77 times, and 90% of youth (ages 12 to 20) 89 times (Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth, 2007a). On communicate, analysis of a try of 67,404 airings of advertisements for the 25 leading brands of alcohol found that most half (49%) of the advertisements were set(p) in schedule with disproportionate numbers of listeners below the legal drinking age, while 14% of the placements violated the 30% voluntary maximum for youth audience composition set by alcohol industry trade associations (Jernigan, Ostroff, Ross, Naimi, & Brewer, 2006).Because of disparities in coming to health care, youth of Hispanic and African heritage in the U. S. are at higher risk of alcohol problems if they drink (Galvan & Caetano, 2003). They are also often exposed to advantageously more alcohol advertising than youth in general In English-language national magazines in 2004, Hispanic youth saw 20% more advertising per capita and African-American youth were exposed to 34% more alcohol advertising per capita than was the average for youth in general (Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth, 2005b Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth, 2006).Analysis of Nielson television ratings data from September 1998 to February 2002 confirmed that young African-American males (ages 6 to 17) were exposed to 31% more alcohol advertising on television than white youth, and that young AfricanAmerican females were exposed to 77% more television advertising for alcohol than their white peers. Furthermore, the racial differences in levels of exposure appeared to be increasing over time (Ringel, Collins, & Ellickson, 2006). 66 GLOBAL ALCOHOL MARKETING.As stated above, this measured marketing activity is only a fraction of what the global alcohol marketers spend each year. According to Klein (1999), in the early 1990s the amount of money spent by marketers on immensurable activities increased dramatically. In 2008, the U. S. Federal Trade Commission (FTC) reported for the first time on the measured and unmeasured marketing expenditures of 12 of the largest companies, history for approximately 73% of sales of alcohol in the U. S (Federal Trade Commission, 2008).According to the FTC, these manufacturers spent 44% of their marketing dollars on the traditional measured media of print, radio, television and outdoor. Other significant categories included point-of-sale advertising and promotions (18. 8%), sponsorship of sporting events, sports teams or individual athletes (10. 9%), and promotional allowances to wholesalers and retailers (7. 5%). The balance between measured and unmeasured activities whitethorn vary by company as well In its 2005 Annual Report, Diageo reported spending ?1,023 zillion ($1,760 zillion) on marketing, far more than the $409 million reported by Advertising Age as its expenditure on advertising for 2004. Alcohol companies typically employ a mix of unmeasured activities, tail ored to the brand as well as to the cultural, religious and regulatory context. For example, sponsorship is a huge area of activity. Within this category, sponsorship of sporting events is widespread. Anheuser-Busch, for instance, sponsors the FIFA World Cup, while nearly every team in World Cup competition has an alcohol sponsor.In fact, Anheuser-Busch is the second highest spender on sponsorships in the U. S. , behind PepsiCo, Inc. , spending $260-265 million in 2004 (Sparks, Dewhirst, Jette, & Schweinbenz, 2005). Beer company sponsorship of sports in China is increasing, with Anheuser-Busch sponsoring the Budweiser University League Soccer Games, amateur soccer tournaments, the 2004 Chinese Olympic Team, and the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, while Heineken sponsors the Heineken Open nobble tennis tournament (Sparks et al. , 2005). 67 Such sponsorships increase the televised visibility for alcohol brands. Various researchers in the U.S. have monitored alcohol advertising during tel evised sporting events every five years since 1990-1992. The most recent study, covering the years 2000-2002, found an increase from 10 years earlier in the number of alcohol technicals airing during nonrecreational sports telecasts, the appearance of ads for alcopops only during college sporting events, as well as substantial numbers of alcohol-themed on-screen g water faucethics such as Bud Play of the Day or Busch Racing Leaders appearing at the same time that the amount of alcohol signage within stadiums themselves has declined (Zwarun, 2006).Sports are not the only events receiving sponsorship dollars from alcohol producers. For example, the two leading breweries in Nigeriaone controlled by Guinness/Diageo, the other by Heinekensponsor the National Annual Essay Competition, fashion shows and beauty contests on university campuses, university sporting events, musical segments of radio programs, radio call-in shows about particular alcohol brands in which correct answers win pr izes, tours of foreign musical stars, and end-of-year carnivals at beaches or in parks (Jernigan & Obot, 2006).confront with marketing restrictions, alcohol producers have also carried their alcohol brand names into other areas, such as the Carlsberg Hot Trax stores selling comic books, sports trading cards, and backpack disks in Malaysia in the mid-1990s (Jernigan, 1997). Point-of-purchase is another important form of marketing. Researchers in the United States studied 3,961 retail outlets selling alcohol in 329 communities across the country.The majority of the stores (94%) had some form of point-ofpurchase alcohol marketing, while close to half (44%) had interior alcohol marketing materials placed at low heights, that is, within 3. 5 feet of the floor, where it would be more likely to be seen by children and adolescents than by adults (TerryMcElrath et al. , 2003). 68 GLOBAL ALCOHOL MARKETING Product placement in film and television is another kernel to increase the visibility of alcohol brands.According to Anheuser-Buschs website, in the past 20 years it has placed its products in Wedding Crashers, Batman Begins, Seabiscuit, Spider Man, Oceans Eleven, Terminator 3, Dodgeball, Collateral, well-grounded Will Hunting, As Good As It Gets, Jerry Maguire, Children of a Lesser God, Mission Impossible, Ace Ventura Pet Detective, Forrest Gump, The Silence of the Lambs, Platoon, Dirty Dancing, Working Girl, Top Gun, Rain Man, Erin Brockovich, and tightfitting Encounters of the Third Kind.These placements ripple into theaters all over the world, and then onto television, where they promote alcohol brands even in markets with restrictions on broadcast advertising of alcohol. Product placement has also become common in popular music, particularly rap and hip-hop. A recent study of alcohol mentions in rap music found that from 1979 to 1997 such references increased five-fold, with a particular increase in appearances of liquor and champagne brands after 1994. From 1 994 to 1997, 71% of the rap songs that mentioned alcohol in this studys smack named a specific alcohol brand (Herd, 2005).Content analysis of 1,000 of the most popular songs from 1996 and 1997 revealed that this phenomenon is far more pronounced in rap music (47% of rap songs in the sample studied had alcohol references) than in country-western (13%), top 40 (12%), alternative rock (10%) or heavy metal (4%) (Roberts, 1999). These mentions were not always give placements, but some certainly were according to news reports (Campbell, 2006). In Africa, Diageo went one step further than product placement in films. In 1999, the company introduced a fictional spokesman, Michael Power, for its Guinness Stout brand.Power appeared in billboards and in a series of mini-adventures on radio and television, culminating in a starring role in a full-length feature film, Critical Assignment, which Diageo offered for free throughout the continent, spending $42. 4 million on the brand in 2003 alone. The companys commercial theatre director for Africa credited this campaign with increasing sales of Guinness in Africa by 10% in 2003, five times the 69 increase the brand enjoyed worldwide that year (Jernigan & Obot, 2006).Mobile phones are a new frontier for alcohol marketing. Market research firms estimate that by 2010, spending on mobile phone advertising and marketing will total 700 million in Europe and $1. 3 billion in the United States (Pfanner, 2006). According to Advertising Age, 81% of 18 to 21 year-olds, 68% of 16 to 17 year-olds, and 49% of 13 to 15 year-olds in the United States have cell phones, with the latter group the most likely to use their phones to participate in TV or radio polls, purchase ringtones, play games, and send text messages.Despite these statistics, Anheuser-Busch recently announced its intention to broadcast 18 ads per hour in programming from ESPN, Fox, ABC, and MSNBC distributed over MobiTVs 30 channels of programming for cell phone users (Mull man, 2006). For years, in the United States Anheuser-Busch has run its own sports programming production unit, filming sporting events that feature the companys logo prominently for broadcast on commercial outlets such as ESPN (Buchanan & Lev, 1989).In rattling(a) 2006, the company announced the establishment of its own entertainment programming production unit to produce humorous shorts and sitcom-type programs. The company announced a new distribution channel for this programming in September 2006, BudTV, a new on-line entertainment network that would carry at least six types of programming, including comedy, reality, sports, and talk. According to company vice president Anthony T. Ponturo, going forward the Internet will be equal to or better than television, particularly in reaching the companys target audience of males 21 to 34 (Elliott, 2006).The company announced it would double its annual spending on Internet advertising, to an estimated $90 million. Alcohol marketing on th e web easily transcends national boundaries (and regulations). Research in the U. S. has found 70 GLOBAL ALCOHOL MARKETING large numbers of underage persons making in-depth visits (i. e. , visits beyond the age verification screens at the front end of many alcohol Web sites) to branded alcohol Web sites (Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth, 2004).According to a survey of alcohol Web sites in 2003, the sites were filled with sticky content that whitethorn be attractive in particular to youth video games, downloadable audio and video files and screensavers, make-your-own-music-video features, opportunities to create an online avatar and interact with others, practical joke postcards, and humorous customizable e-mail features that have the advantage of turning users into marketers, engaging in viral marketing that makes them inadvertent promoters of the brand to their friends by sending branded ecards and the like.Evidence of the effects of this marketing on youth When the U. S. Fede ral Trade Commission looked at the issue of alcohol advertising and youth in 1999, it think that while many factors may influence an underage persons drinking decisions, including among other things parents, peers and media, there is reason to believe that advertising also plays a role (Federal Trade Commission, 1999). In 2000, a special report to the U. S.Congress on alcohol decried the lack of longitudinal studies assessing the effects of alcohol advertising on young peoples drinking behavior, and concluded that, survey studies provide some evidence that alcohol advertising may influence drinking beliefs and behaviors among children and adolescents. This evidence, however, is far from conclusive (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2000). The intervening years, however, have witnessed an outpouring of new studies, looking particularlyat alcohol advertisings impact on youth. The most recent systematic review identified 13 longitudinal studies published in peer-reviewed literature, following up a total of more than 38,000 young people. The 71 review concluded that these studies consistently suggest that exposure to media and commercial communications about alcohol is associated with a greater likelihood that adolescents will initiate alcohol consumption, or drink more if they are already drinking at baseline (Anderson, De Bruijn, Angus, Gordon, & Hastings, 2009).Beyond documenting youth exposure to alcohol marketing (described above) and quantifying the effects of that exposure (this literature has been systematically reviewed 3 times in recent yearssee Hastings, Anderson, Cooke, & Gordon, 2005 Smith & Foxcroft, 2007 Anderson et al. , 2009), researchers have also sought to develop interpretive models to explain the effects of alcohol marketing on young people, to assess whether alcohol advertising targets young people, and to quantify the effectiveness of regulatory restrictions on marketing and other countermeasures.The following sections will re view developments since 2004 in each of these three categories. Interpretive If alcohol advertising affects young peoples decision making models regarding alcohol use, how does this occur? Early work on alcohol advertising and youth tended to rest on a simple theoretical basis Exposure to alcohol advertising influences youth drinking behavior. However, more recent studies have pointed to the importance of alcohol advertising in shaping youth attitudes, perceptions and, particularly, expectancies about alcohol use, which then influence youth decisions to drink.Thus, in addition to measuring exposure and drinking behavior, researchers have increasingly included measures of attitudes and expectancies about alcohol use, integrating these variables into media effects models. For example, the Message Interpretation Process (MIP) model posits that children process media messages using a combination of logic and emotion or wishful thinking, and that the latter may override the former, a vie wpoint consistent with the neurobiological evidence described above.In the case of alcohol advertising, the MIP model has been shown in cross-sectional research to suggest a cognitive progression from passion of alcohol ads (an 72 GLOBAL ALCOHOL MARKETING affective response associated with the desirability of portrayals in the ads and a resulting identification with characters in the ads) to domineering expectancies about alcohol use, to intentions to drink or actual drinking among young people (Austin & Knaus, 2000 Austin, Pinkleton, & Fujioka, 2000).What young people appear to like in alcohol advertising is elements of humor and story, with somewhat little appreciation of music, animal characters, and people characters. Liking of these elements significantly contributed the overall likeability of specific advertisements, and then to greater likelihood of intent to purchase the product and brand advertised (Chen, Grube, Benjamin, & Keefe, 2005 ). The same study also found that y oung people are not interested in alcohol advertising stressing product attributes or discouraging underage drinking, and exposure to these was associated with less desire to purchase the product.Testing of the MIP model on cohorts of young people (defined as ages 15 to 20) and young adults (ages 21 to 29) provided further evidence of the validity of this model for describing youth decision-making processes. While exposure to alcohol advertising shaped attitudes and perceptions about alcohol use among both cohorts, these attitudes and perceptions predicted only the young peoples positive expectancies about alcohol and intentions to drink, but did not affect the young adults expectancies and alcohol consumption (Fleming, Thorson, & Atkin, 2004).While improved specification of the model of how alcohol advertising may affect young peoples drinking has in turn strengthened the statistical relationships found in this body of research, the studies thus far have continued to be hindered by their cross-sectional designs, which render conjectures about causality more difficult than longitudinal surveys. The fourth group funded by the NIAAA to study alcohol advertising and youth is focused on this question of how young peoples interpretive processes might explain the influence of alcohol advertising on them.A cross-sectional analysis of the first 73 wave of data collection from the study confirmed that adolescents progressively internalize messages about alcohol, and that these messages affect their drinking behaviors. Subjects who watched more primetime television found portrayals of alcohol in alcohol advertising more desirable, and showed greater desire to emulate the persons in the ads. These were associated with more positive expectancies about alcohol use, which then positively predicted liking beer brands as well as alcohol use (Austin, Austin, & Grube, 2006).Early analysis of longitudinal data from the work of this research group has revealed a positive relation ship between liking of alcohol ads at baseline and alcohol consumption over a follow-up effect of three years, among a cohort of 9- to 16year-olds from nine counties in the San Francisco Bay Area. The effects of liking the ads were mediated through expectancies about alcohol use, as well as through normative effects of the exposure to alcohol advertising.Young people who liked alcohol advertising not only believed that positive consequences of drinking were more likely, but also were more likely to believe that their peers drank more frequently, and that their peers approved more of drinking. All these beliefs interacted to produce greater likelihood of drinking, or of intention to drink within the next year. Furthermore, the causal arrows all pointed in one directionthat is, positive expectancies about alcohol use did not predict greater liking of the alcohol ads, nor did assumptions about peer drinking or peer opinions of drinking (Chen & Grube 2004).While most alcohol advertisin g on television is for alcohol products, alcohol companies also place substantial amounts of what are dubbed responsibility ads, which may discourage drunk driving or underage drinking, or otherwise encourage people to use alcohol responsibly and in moderation. According to the Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth, from 2001 to 2003 alcohol companies placed 21,461 such ads, compared with 761,347 product ads.Youth were substantially more likely to be exposed to product than to responsibility 74 GLOBAL ALCOHOL MARKETING ads in 2003, they were 96 times more likely to see a product ad than an industry-funded ad about underage drinking, and 43 times more likely to see a product ad than an industry ad about drinking-driving (Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth, 2005a). A recent study attempted to assess the impact of these messages on young people, and concluded that the advertisements were examples of strategic ambiguity, defined as the strategic and purposeful use of messages with hi gh levels of abstraction to simultaneously accomplish multiple, and often conflicting, organizational goals (Smith, Atkin, & Roznowski, 2006).More so with teens (age 16 to 18 in the studys sample) than with young adults (age 19 to 22), young people drew diverse messages from the advertisements. In the context of little evidence that such advertising is effective in encouraging responsible drinking behavior (DeJong, Atkin, & Wallack 1992), the study found that young peoples evaluative responses about the brewers who placed the ads were predominantly favorable, while interpretations taken from the ads were mostly pro-drinking.Grube and Waiters (2005) recently reviewed the evidence on the content of alcohol messages in the mass media and their effects on drinking beliefs and behaviors among youth. They get by pointing to the largely positive message environment about alcohol that exists in the mass media outside of paid advertising, including television programming, film, popular musi c and music videos, Internet content (as opposed to paid Internet advertising, and including alcohol company Web sites), and magazine content.The impact of this content on young peoples drinking behavior has mostly gone unexamined in the scientific research literature. Their review of the evidence regarding alcohol advertisings effects concludes that survey research studies on alcohol advertising and young people consistently indicate that there are small, but significant, correlations between awareness of and liking of alcohol advertising and drinking beliefs and behaviors among young people (Grube & Waiters, 2005). 75.Whether alcohol advertising targets young people Even if there is a relationshipwhich longitudinal research studies suggest may be causalbetween youth exposure to alcohol advertising and youth drinking behaviors, is the level of youth exposure to alcohol advertising in the mass media the result of intentional targeting, or simply incidental to the alcohol industrys e fforts to reach its principal target (usually identified in the United States as young adults age 21-34 Theodore, 2001 Riell, 2002)?In 2003, an article appeared in the Journal of the American Medical Association alleging that magazine advertising by beer and liquor companies is associated with adolescent readership (Garfield, Chung, & Rathouz, 2003).Based on a census of the alcohol advertising in 35 major U. S.magazines appearing from 1997 to 2001, the study used market research data to estimate adolescent (ages 12 to 19), young adult (ages 20 to 24) and older adult (ages 25 and above) readers of those magazines, and found that, after adjusting for magazine characteristics, every additional million adolescent readers predicted a 60% increase in the rate of beer or distilled spirits advertising appearing in the magazine.

Money in Politics

Politics Under the influence and lobbying I support up that a lot interest groups in order to make themselves known they have to spend currency to maintain their presence. During my research I detect a couple effects of m onenessy in Politics. wiz was Health to my understanding physicians and other health professionals argon traditionally the large(p)st obtains of federal campaign contributions in this sector, which it has contributed a record $116. 8 one thousand thousand to federal stackdidates during the 2008 election cycle.I also noticed that pharmaceutical companies and HMOs are systematically generous givers. The health sector as a whole traditionally contributes to republican candidates and parties, certain industries, such as nurses, give more generously to democrats. The fact that the Democratic political party has held office in the historic two terms, the health sector has been more giving towards them. I believe this is really smart, considering the fact that w ealthier people, as far as doctors usually donate more towards the Republican Party.It seems as if they would like to donate their money where there is more control as of now. To my understanding that seems like that they are playing he theme very well. Some of the top contributors in 2011-2012 were, Abelson Drug Clinic, donating an summate of 41 they were considered as an outside consumption group, Cooperative of the Statesn Physicians, donating $2,965,980, also considered as an outside spending group. Another was the American Society of Anesthesiologists, $ 1,565,400, republicans.To me I viewed a lot of this information as, the more money that you have the more of an influence you able to make. alike it has been a kind in money and politics due to the fact that big money has continuously dominated our government and elections. And it has gotten worse since the Supreme Courts, Citizens United ruling in 2010, which allowed corporations to spend unlimited amounts of money on o ur elections. But as we saw in the election between Mitt Romney and Barack Obama, all the mystical investors that Mitt had didnt win the election.Last year a lot of Independent groups spent about $1 trillion on elections. A lot of the money came from anonymous individuals and corporations. I believe that the line of work in America politics isnt the amount of money these investors or donators spend on campaigns, I think it is more so who is paying for them, or what re they getting in return for their large lump sums of money that they are donating. Another sector that I looked at was the Finance/ Insurance/ Real Estate.The financial sector is the largest source of campaign contributions to federal candidates and parties, with insurance companys securities and investment firms, real estate interests and commercial banks providing the bulk of the money. What I noticed is that unlike the Health sector, the financial sector contributes generous sums to both parties, but republicans ar e traditionally collection more than democrats. Its weird that regarding the mortgage and banking crises in 2008, the financial sector still managed to donate $468 8 million to tederal campaigns and candidates.To me it doesnt seem like the financial sector was going through that much of a crises considering the large amount of money that that was donated, which was a 80 percent increase during the two previous years. Second I order that recipients of campaign money was a very interesting stand point, considering that the political parties and candidates raise very large amounts of money but spend Just as much as hey raised. For instance the Democratic Party raised $1 with debts that add up to $64,614,629.And the Republican Party raised $1,023,169,751 and spent 59,875 with a debt of 24,337,181. The problem with money in politics is not so much the amount that is spent on campaigns as it is who pays for them, what they get in return, and how that affects public policy and spending p riorities. Money that should be going to schools, education, infrastructure, and healthcare is redirected to the raunchy military war machine socialism for the defense industries. Meanwhile, e are cutting teachers, lessons, and many items that make us a civilized nation.These are more effects that money and politics have on my life. I feel that a lot can be done in order to change whats going on within our government. I feel the causes of more money spent within government leaves with the effect of a poor democracy. John F. Kennedy once said Ask not what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country. But what is the country doing for average Americans? I hope one day things can change for the better not for the worse, because in the end the average poor American suffers the effects.

Comparing William Bradford and John Smith

He define himself as a person for study as well as action and hence in time the difficulties which he passed in his 2) Also he stated The crown of all his life was his holy, prayerful, watchful and prolific walk with God, wherein he was exemplary. (122) Bradford did not believe In reforming the Church of England from wealth and there for moved and lived in the Netherlands for 12 years. Then decided to take the Journey to Virginia.He believed the colony of Plymouth would be a special providence. His expedition was to give birth religious freedom and live In a place they way God Intended. bottom smith on the other hand comes from a military background In which he had realise his captaincy. metalworker next Joined the Austrian army in its continuing war (1593-1606) against the Turks, and while in the Austrian service, he fought valiantly in Hungary and was promoted to smith was more interested in adventure than religion.Smith In ways was conceited and speaks of himself In grea t grander. His reputation had preceded him and the workforce who wanted to colonize Jamestown choose Smith to Join the voyage. John Smith agreed to the Journey to explore the land and possibly find stinting gain. Smith is more interested in making a name for himself than serving a high purpose. Bradford references God throughout his book of Plymouth Plantation for the m each occurrences they endure throughout the Journey.Bradford describes sickness of certain passengers, notwithstanding it pleased God they came before half seas over, to smite this young man with a grievous disease, of which he died In desperate manner and so was himself the first thrown overboard. Thus his curses lightened on his own header and it was an astonishment to all his fellows, for they noted it to be Just the hand of God upon him. (131) John Smith on the other hand will reference God in things he cannot explain. In Smiths The General storey of Flagella, New England and the Summer Isles, he states. Bu t now all provision spent, the sturgeon gone, all the helps abandoned, each min expecting the fury of the savages, when God the patron of all good endeavors, in that desperate extremity so changed the black Maria of the savages, that they brought such plenty of their fruits, and provision, as no man wanted. (84) Since Smith could not fix the lack of aliment he then offers the explanation that God intervened. Bradford and the passengers which he referred to as pilgrims had constructed he Mayflower coalition. The Mayflower Compact was the document that united the pilgrims and the preservation of the colony.The Compact states, In the name of God Amen. We whose names are underwritten the sure subjects of our dread sovereign Lord, King James, by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland king, 1 OFF of the Christian faith, and innocence of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mut ually in the presence of God, and one of another, covenant and combine ourselves gather into a civil body politic. (138-139)God is involved in every aspect of the colony.After the arrival to Jamestown Smith was appointed to managing tasks of others. correct though others were doing work to help the colony, Smith spoke of himself doing the hardest and most work. Smith writes, to Captain Smith who by his own example, good words, and fair promises, set some to mow, others to bind thatch, some to build houses, others to thatch them, himself evermore bearing the greatest of task for his own share, so that in short time, he provided most of them lodgings, neglecting any for himself. (85) Smith does not mention God but gives himself most of the credit in preparations for the colony.Bradford colony began to have sickness but after sometime many recovered, Bradford gave credit to the Lord for such happenings. Bradford states, The spring now approaching, it pleased God the mortality began to cease amongst them, and the sick and the lame recovered apace, which put as it were sensitive life into them, though they had borne their sad affliction with much patience and contentedness, as I think any spate could do. (43) Bradford seeing Plymouth as a divine place God is leading hem to, people who live through sickness are meet to arrive by Gods will.Even at the end of Smiths greenback he thanks God but not for Gods divine help but for his own skills. Smith states, l thank God I never undertook anything yet for which any could tax me of carelessness or dishonesty, and what is he to whom I am indebted or troublesome? Ah Were these my accusers but to change cases and places with mefor but dickens years, or till they had done but so much as I, it may be they would decide more charitably of my imperfections. (93) Throughout Bradford and Smiths accounts both write active the hardships of the rip and the life in the colonies.The both writers face many of the same pillow slips such as running out of food, facing sickness, and dealing with the primeval Americans. Though there is a large difference in the two accounts. Bradford does not boast about his own capabilities. The whole reason that Bradford and the others made the journey is because of God, as it was Gods will. Smith writes more for a in-person level. He brags of his abilities as a solider, leader and explorer. He only mentions God when things are not in his skills or cannot explain that occurrence. UnlikeBradford which would name God for his means to lead, John Smith does not but gives himself praise. In the time that both pieces were written religion and God had a large influence on peoples choices and every life. It was not very common for someone to author a piece like John Smith had done with not much reference and honor given to God. Unlike Bradford referencing God for the very event of colonization of Plymouth, Smith promoted himself as the hero and encouraged other men like him to come. Bradford wanted men of God. Beam Nina. John Smith The Norton Anthology American Literature.