Audio Processing Techniques and Processors

Audio Processing Techniques and Processors Introduction Today, the development of music technology depends on using a variety of audio processors to add and correct the definite sound effects, to produce a sound of a certain quality. Modern audio processors can be operated as plug-ins and work according to different types of software. The other processors can be used as the hardware to change the parameters of the sound.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Audio Processing Techniques and Processors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Different audio processors are used to add such effects as delay and reverb to the sound and correct latency. The aim of the report is to provide the description of such audio techniques and parameters as delay, reverb, and latency and examine the characteristics of the processors used to produce the associated effects. Audio Processors Used to Provide Delay Effects. Audio Delay Software Delay can be explained as the specific audio eff ect, which creates the repeating sound or echo. This effect is achieved with the help of regulating the signal line and making it to play back several times (Hodgson, 2010). Thus, the delay effect can be successfully controlled using certain audio processors. Audio delay processors can be presented in the form of hardware as the Universal Audio Delay Processor AD-340 or in the form of the software-based programs (Universal Audio Delay Processor, n.d.). It is important to note that the first hardware delays were developed as analogues, which then were replaced with the digital systems. The software delay processors modelled on a classic device are used today by many musical engineers. It is necessary to pay attention to GNUitar audio processor, which can be used with the help of such programs as Pro Tools as the traditional guitar processor (GNUitar, n.d.). The effect of delay is actively used by many pop and rock musicians to create the complex and impressive sound. Such software pr ocessors as GNUitar often provide a range of functions to create a number of audio effects along with the effect of delay or echo. GNUitar is used to create the different combinations of delay and echo effects to change the quality of the sound. It is easy to use GNUitar in the studio when hardware delay processors are used for the live performances (GNUitar, n.d.). For instance, this function is important for electric guitarists to change the texture of the sound with references to the definite musical phrase. Thus, in the song â€Å"Welcome to the Jungle† performed by Guns N Roses, there is an opening riff, which is accentuated with the delay effect produced with the help of the audio delay processor.Advertising Looking for report on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is necessary to note that contemporary studio variants of the song can depend on the delay effect presented with the help of t he audio processor as the software when the traditional variant of the song is performed with the help of the processor as hardware. The delay effects are used to create the atmosphere of the urban jungle because of its special horror and artificial effects. From this point, â€Å"some of the best musical moments of Welcome to the Jungle come from the bands fruitful attempts to suggest the sounds of the (urban) jungle through musical mimicry† (Welcome to the jungle music, n.d.). Audio Processors Used to Provide Reverb Effects The effect of reverb can be explained as the effect of reflecting the sound and making it longer and more complicated. The reverb and echo cannot be discussed as the same effects because the reverb provides the reflective wave which is not separated from the initial sound as it is in echo or delay. The reverb effect is often added to make the sound of electric guitars more complex (Reverb effects, n.d.). It is possible to add the reverb effect to the sou nd with the help of hardware processors and audio processing software. For instance, The VSS3 Stereo Source Reverb for Pro Tools is software developed for working with the sound in studios. The advantages of this audio reverb processor are in its flexibility in adding the effect of reverb to different sounds in relation to their quality. The work of the VSS3 is based on the definite algorithm, which is interconnected with the work of Pro Tools software. Such audio reverb processors can be used for changing the sounds of vocal, guitar, piano, horns and many other instruments (VSS3 Stereo Source Reverb, n.d.). Modern reverb software is characterized by a lot of parameters and functions to add different reverb qualities to the sound. Audio reverb processors are used to enhance the sound, make it natural or unnatural, or better than it was before correcting. The sound becomes full and complex. Moreover, the reverb can add some dramatic effect to the melody as it is in the song â€Å"So rrow† performed by Pink Floyd (Echoing acoustics, n.d.). The reverb effect can be discussed as appropriate for the live performance as well as for making recordings in the studio. The intro in â€Å"Sorrow† is almost the separated part of the song, which is accentuated with the help of the reverb effect (Reverb – good or bad?, n.d.).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Audio Processing Techniques and Processors specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Audio Processors Used to Correct Latency Latency is one of the most typical audio effects, which make the sound worse and should be corrected with the help of audio processors. Thus, latency is a rather short delay â€Å"that occurs in audio systems due to the time it takes for sound to travel from place to place, and/or due to the time it takes for digital components to perform calculations† (Opening Pandora’s Box?, n.d.). Latency can be audible and not. When latency is longer than several seconds it should be corrected to make the recording qualitative. The problem is in the fact latency is often the result of changing the sound with the help of definite devices (Hodgson, 2010). Latency emerges when the producer or musical engineer uses definite digital filters to create the sound with certain parameters. The duration of latency can depend on the number of filters used (Hodgson, 2010). If delay and reverb effects can be added using hardware as well as software processors, latency can be effectively corrected with the help of software modeled on a device. Pro Tools HD software works with the Automatic Delay Compensation, which is developed to reduce the latency (Latency and delay compensation, n.d). Moreover, â€Å"in cases where delay compensation is necessary to ensure that audio stays time aligned, there is a way to manually compensate for plug-in latencies by using the DigiRack Time Adjuster plug-in, or by slightly mo ving or â€Å"nudging† tracks† (Latency and delay compensation, n.d). To provide the example of reducing latency, it is necessary to refer to Lester and Boley’s research in which they studied different effects of latency and the ways of its reduction. It was stated that latency is more critical during the solo performance and with references to the vocal when the effects of latency on playing instruments is not so significant (Lester Boley, 2007). Conclusion Different types of audio processors can be used to enhance the sound and add such effects as reverb and delay to the sound. Hardware and software are appropriate and can be utilized with references to the work in studio or live performance. To correct latency, it is more effective to use software, which can be developed as the part of the audio delay processor. References Echoing acoustics. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/EchoingAcousticsAdvertising Looking for report on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More GNUitar. (n.d.) Retrieved from hitsquad.com/smm/programs/GNUitarWin/ Hodgson, J. (2010). Understanding records: A field guide to recording practice. USA: Continuum.  Latency and delay compensation. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://akmedia.digidesign.com/support/docs/Delay_Comp_PT_Host_Systems_33000.pdf Lester, M., Boley, J. (2007). The effects of latency on live sound monitoring. Retrieved from lsbaudio.com/publications/AES_Latency.pdf Opening Pandora’s Box? (n.d.) Retrieved from http://whirlwindusa.com/support/tech-articles/opening-pandoras-box/ Reverb effects. (n.d.) Retrieved from mediacollege.com/audio/reverb/effect.html Reverb – good or bad? (n.d.) Retrieved from gilmourish.com/?page_id=806 Universal Audio Delay Processor. (n.d.) Retrieved from http://hallresearch.com/files/manuals/AD-340.pdf VSS3 Stereo Source Reverb. (n.d.) Retrieved from spectrumaudio.com/tc-electronic-vss3-tdm.html Welcome to the jungle music. (n.d.) Retrieved from shmoop.com/welcome-to-the-jun gle/music.html

Colonial Democratic Ties essays

Colonial Democratic Ties essays English colonies, often established for the soul purpose of expanding the kingdoms of their monarchs, spurred the beginning of American democracy ruled by the majority of the people. Democratic characteristics were augmented by the will of the people, in such places as Virginia and Massachusetts, to gain freedom from a single monarchist. Although there was evidence of an early democracy, the chains of the King that held the colonies together were not completely broken. The British colonies first indication of any legislature was in the Virginian colony of Jamestown. A group of men, usually over the age of 17, congregate at a church to discuss the political and economic issues of Jamestown. This assembly of men, named the House of Burgesses, was substantiation of an early representative government. There was a governor of the House of Burgesses that was elected by leaders of The Virginia Company in London, England. The governor then selected six supporting members that were important men in the colony to be his council. The other 15 members were assembled through the voting by the people of the Jamestown Colony as a whole. The Plymouth Colony, often called Americas Birthplace of Democracy, was not the first British colony, but it was one of the most significant. The Mayflower Compact, a written document signed by the pilgrims, pledged allegiance to the king of England but also established that the colony would govern by the will of the people, or the majority. This clearly shows that Plymouth was ran democratically. Democratic influence were definitely present in early English colonial society, but because the king of England ruled with the proverbial iron fist, there was an abstention from becoming a true democracy. Although such contractual agreements, such as the Mayflower Compact, and forms of legislation, like the House of Burgesses, had substantial qualities of a gov ...

Healthcare and Social Media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healthcare and Social Media - Research Paper Example It has been noticed that the application of social media has become more significant in recent days. During the last decade, it has been determined that the application of social media has increased enormously in the field of global healthcare industry (Sultz & Young, 2009). Presently, a large number of healthcare organizations have adopted social media tools for developing a better communication system with consumers and build strong relationship. In accordance with PricewaterhouseCoopers (2012), 42% of the global healthcare industry consumers have used social media in order to access health related services and information (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2012). Healthcare organizations usually use social media in order to accomplish organizational goals of communicating and building relationship with patients. Additionally, healthcare organizations have utilized social media platform as an intermediary with the intention of sharing healthcare related information and researches globally. It has been implemented by healthcare organizations in order to enhance care and treatment provisions (Sultz & Young, 2009). According to the report published by Computer Science Corporation (2012), it has been identified that during the year 2011, 65% of the healthcare organizations had used Twitter as a marketing strategy, whereas Facebook and YouTube had been used by 54% and 50% of healthcare organizations respectively (Computer Science Corporation, 2012). According to report of KPMG International Cooperative (2011), social media has offered and introduced several new dimensions with respect to communication and marketing in front of the healthcare industry. Social media has provided the platform through which healthcare professionals and organizations are sharing ideas, information and experiences with each other in order to enhance the quality of medical services, care and treatment facilities (KPMG International Cooperative, 2011). On the contrary, healthcare

Article critique Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critique - Article Example Key words: Pain management, Hispanics, culture â€Å"Estoy en un monton de dolor† Experiencing Pain from a Hispanic Cancer Patient’s Perspective Though there are many flaws in the healthcare system in the United Stated, for many migrants especially African Americans and Hispanics, the existence of such a system is a great blessing. Many vie for immigrant status and citizenship to enjoy the privileges of social healthcare. The United States is a country that stood for equality of rights for every man, no matter the race, culture, or belief; however, it is shocking and disappointing to find out that there are discrepancies in the pain management options given to migrant cancer patients especially with regards to Hispanic cancer patients. I have known and seen a lot of people who had different types of cancer in the course of my life and in the academic degree that I chose. I have seen the tremendous amount of pain they experience especially those in the late stages of the disease. The pain relievers prescribed to them helps in improving their quality of life but it is sad even just to imagine that there are countless others, who are in the socio-cultural as well as socioeconomic minority that are needlessly experiencing excruciating pain when they already have the access to proper pain management options via the government’s healthcare system. The study of Im, Guevara, and Chee (2007) gives us a glimpse of how pain is handled by Hispanics. It also gives insights to the different factors that contribute to the inadequacy of pain management interventions that Hispanic cancer patients receive. By examining their research in a qualitative way, we can get insight on the value of understanding the sociocultural dimension of a cancer patient’s pain management, and thus help equalize the disparities in treatment given to Hispanics and other migrants. This will allow us nurses to give quality patient care to all mankind, as is our sworn respons ibility. I. Hispanic Cancer Patient’s Pain as Described in the Article – Discussion and Critique As the authors’ examined the part that socio-cultural background plays in the experience of pain in Hispanic cancer patients, I was given a clear representation of how the healthcare paradigm works in for the case of migrants. I appreciate the effort that they gave in representing the â€Å"pain experience† as personal as possible by quoting actual forum responses of the cancer patients. This painted a picture that gets the reader to easily empathize with the patient and allows the reader to view how hard it is for Hispanic cancer patients to endure everyday with the pain that they bear. Although they presented the testimonies of their respondents well, there are certain aspects of their methodology that can be improved to make the implications of the study have more weight. (1) The sampling method used was convenience sampling which automatically results in b iased data. The title of the study indicates that the author’s wanted to show insights for Hispanic cancer patients’ pain experience all over the United States; however they did not get representative samples for different States which is indicative that the finding could not be generalized to bear implications to the whole of the United States and the whole healthcare

Supply Chain Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Supply Chain Management - Research Paper Example s that allows companies to effectively utilise its people, technologies and other resources required to move its products or services from the suppliers to the consumers. It can further be explained as a network of services and delivery options that facilitate to execute the task of procurement of raw materials and make conversion of the resources available into intermediate as well as complete products along with distributing these finished products to the customers. This system or chain has been observed to be present in both the services as well as manufacturing companies. Although it has been observed that the process and complexities of this system vary from organisation to organisation. Supply chain is a very effective method in planning the overall production and distribution of companies which could further lead towards cutting down of costs of the products and would certainly enable to deliver an attractive final product that would be more preferred by the customers. A compa ny that succeeds in proper implementation of supply chain in its operations would have the competitive edge in the global market in comparison to its competitors. However, there are certain risks and uncertainties that are involved in the incorporation of supply chain network. As there are many steps involved in the process of the supply chain management such as procurement of raw materials, manufacturing of the finished products and delivery of product among others, a failure in any of the mentioned steps would undoubtedly affect the operations and functioning of organisation (Ross, 2010). With this notion, the paper aims at illustrating the risks and uncertainties that are involved in the supply chain network or management process. Furthermore, the paper would also epitomize the phenomena and behaviour of the Forrester Effect, as one of the models for demand uncertainty and would attempt to provide the countermeasures of such effect. Moreover, the paper would further intend to

Effect of the Outdoors on Mental Health

Effect of the Outdoors on Mental Health Topic: Mental Health Big Ideas Overview Mental health disorders are known to affect most people at some point in their lives (Government Office of Science London 2008, as cited in Barton 2010). Indeed, rates of depression and other psychological illnesses (e.g. anxiety, etc.) are predicted to increase in the future (Maller et al. 2005, as cited in DFH 2008). Over the past several decades, research has shown that contact with nature aids mental health and restoration. Mental health improvements resulting from exposure to natural environments include increased positive emotions and mood, decreased negative emotions and stress, and increased mental balance, energy, and revitalization. Systematic literature reviews conducted in the past five years continue to show a consistent beneficial relationship between exposure to green, natural environments and mental health. Environmental contexts examined in these studies varied from urban to rural, and compared natural and synthetic environments. Exposure to natural environments might include exercising in natural environments, being within a natural place, or even looking at a view of trees from a window. For example, in a hospital, views of nature are associated with a faster recovery, decreased painkiller use, shorter hospital stays and fewer postoperative complications (Dijkstra 2006). Outdoor space and views at a workplace is associated with decreased stress (Singhal, Paney and Pandy 2013). Regular interaction with nature is connected to lengthened lifespan and decreased risk of mental health illnesses in seniors living in megacities (Takano 2002, as cited in Barton 2010). There is also mixed evidence that exercising outdoors in natural environments could have mental and physical benefits above and beyond exercising indoors. Green exercise for as little as 5 minutes has been shown to improve self-esteem and mood (Barton 2010). There is some evidence that people enjoy exercising outdoors more than indoors, and have a greater intention to repeat the activity, and improvement in social connections (Coon et al 2011). If exercising outdoors is more likely to be maintained in the long term, then motivating people to be active outdoors (e.g. gardening, walking, and biking) could be an important means of staying active. If exposure to outdoor green spaces has immediate positive mental health outcomes, then inaccessibility to such spaces could promote health inequalities. Given the associations between mental health and proximity to green spaces, there is an inherent opportunity for planning and designing both public and private open space. What the Research Says Things for Certain (or semi-Certain) Exposure to green outdoor spaces improves mental health. Examples: Barton and Pretty, 2010: The article concluded that exposure to green has positive health impacts. Coon et. Al, 2011, 1762: â€Å"Experimental research has demonstrated that exposure to views of nature can improve people’s health and wellbeing by providing restoration from stress and mental fatigue,12† Design for Health, 2007, 1: â€Å"A strong research base has continued to demonstrate how direct contact with nature (water, trees, bushes, flowers, and other vegetation, whether cultivated or wild) leads to increased mental health and psychological development.† Lee, A.C.K., R. Maheswaran, 2010, 212: â€Å"Physical and psychological benefits have been linked to green spaces through their purported effects on physical activity.7 †¦It also improves mental functioning, mental health and wellbeing16– 22 and may have long-lasting psychological benefits.23 Benefits on longevity have also been reported.24† Even just a view of nature is beneficial to mental health. Examples: Design for Health, 2007: For example, in a hospital context views of nature are associated with a faster recovery, decreased painkiller use, shorter hospital stays and fewer post-operative complications. Since older persons use hospitals more, views of nature are especially relevant to this population. Dijkstra, 2006: Sunlight and views of nature out the window had positive effects on patients’ mental and physical health. Having a sunny window with a view of nature may have a positive impact on aging patients staying at healthcare facilities. It should be noted that some varied effects happened for patients with dementia or depression. Singhal, Paney and Pandy, 2013: Green space surrounding a work environment reduces stress and benefits mental health. This has been demonstrated consistently in the literature, and anecdotally in this article. Things up in the Air General significance for public health. Example: Bowler, 2012: Overall, the studies are suggestive that natural environments may have direct and positive impacts on well-being, but support the need for investment in further research on this question to understand the general significance for public health. If greater biodiversity in nature increases mental health benefits. Example: Dean, van Dooren and Weinstein, 2011, 878-879: â€Å"Based upon this review, we identified only one original research paper that directly investigated the link between biodiversity per se and mental health allowing the authors to specifically argue that their results ‘indicate that successful management of urban green spaces should emphasize biological complexity to enhance human well-being in addition to biodiversity conservation ([33, p. 390]).† How different user groups, subcultures and types of outdoor environments differ in impact. Example: Design for Health, 2007: â€Å"†¦ more limited knowledge on aspects of nature most relevant, maintenance importance, and different user groups/subcultures. Varied definitions and types of outdoor space make it difficult to compare studies.† Whether there is a causal relationship between green space and mental health. Example: Lee, 2010, 212: â€Å"Most studies reported findings that generally supported the view that green space have a beneficial health effect. Establishing a causal relationship is difficult, as the relationship is complex. Simplistic urban interventions may therefore fail to address the underlying determinants of urban health that are not remediable by landscape redesign.† If exercising outdoors (or with a view of nature) has mental and physical benefits above and beyond exercising indoors. Examples: Coon et al., 2011: found exercising outdoors did have greater mental and physical benefits above and beyond exercising indoors, whereas Lee 2010 found mixed results at best. Implications Standards Mental health benefits can come from very little exposure to natural spaces. Just a glimpse of green will do. Example: Design for Health, 2007, 5: â€Å"Working thresholds for HIA: Provide views of green spaces, with canopy trees, from all buildings. These can be trees at the street level or, for upper-level situations, views to parklands, etc. Tree densities with greater than 22 trees per acre have a positive effect in terms of presence and sense of safety in a population of low-income, public housing residents (Kuo et al., 1998, 45). This is not a very high density of trees.† As little as 5-minutes of activity outside is enough for mental health improvements. Example: Barton and Pretty, 2010: A quantifiable exposure to green was set as a threshold. As a result, greatest changes come from 5 min of activity, and thus suggest these psychological measures are immediately increased by green exercise. Insights Exercising outdoors may be easier to stick to than exercising indoors. Example: Coon et. Al, 2011, 1762: It might be argued that physical activity in health club gyms is a viable alternative to outdoor exercise, but the failure to persevere with indoor exercise initiatives on a long-term basis is well recognized. For example, 40-50% of individuals terminate gym membership within a year of joining.19 Anecdotal evidence suggests that long-term adherence to exercise initiatives conducted in outdoor natural environments or urban green spaces may be superior to that of indoor exercise interventions.20 Urban Chinese migrants have worse mental health than non-migrants. Example: Lin et al., 2011: Rural migrants in China’s cities experience more discrimination and this discrimination is connected to worse mental health. Sources Jo Barton and Jules Pretty, What is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving  Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis, Environmental Science and Technology, 2010 May  15;44(10):3947-55. doi: 10.1021/es903183r. Bowler, Diana E., et al. A systematic review of evidence for the added benefits to health of  exposure to natural environments. BMC Public Health 10.1 (2010): 456. Coon, J. Thompson, K. Boddy, K. Stein, R. Whear, J. Barton, and M.H. Depledge. 2011. â€Å"Does  Participating in Physical Activity in Outdoor Natural Environments Have a Greater Effect on  Physical and Mental Wellbeing than Physical Activity Indoors? A Systematic Review.†Ã‚  Environmental Science and Technology 45:1761-1772. Accessed February 20, 2014. doi: 10.1021/es102947t. Dean, Julie, Kate van Dooren, Philip Weinstein. 2011. â€Å"Does biodiversity improve mental health  in urban settings?† Medical Hypotheses 76: 877-880. Accessed February 20, 2014. doi:  10.1016/j.mehy.2011.02.040. Design for Health. 2007. Key Questions: Mental Health. Version 2.0. www.designforhealth.net Dijkstra, Karin, Marcel Pieterse, and Ad Pruyn. 2006. â€Å"Physical environmental stimuli that turn  healthcare facilities into healing environments through psychologically mediated effects:  systematic review.† Journal of Advanced Nursing 56 (2): 166-181. Accessed February 20,  2014. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.03990.x Lee, A.C.K., R. Maheswaran. 2010. â€Å"The Health Benefits of Urban Green Space: A Review of the  Evidence.† Journal of Public Health 33(2): 212-222. Accessed February 21, 2014. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdq068. Lin, Danhua, Xiaoming Li, Bo Wang, Yan Hong, Xiaoyi Fang, Xiong Qin, and Bonita Stanton. 2011.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Discrimination, Perceived Social Inequity, and Mental Health Among Rural-to-Urban  Migrants in China.† Community Mental Health Journal 47:171-180. Accessed February 21,  2014. doi:10.1007/s10597-009-9278-4. Singhal, Vijai, Deep Pandey and Pushp Deep Pandey. 2013. â€Å"Workplace Green Space for Health  and Happiness.† Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, Jaipur India.

Immanuel Kant `To Perpetual Peace`

Introduction:A common man, an intellectual, a philosopher and even a spiritual personality in his disposition at the secular level— are all conditioned by time. Their speech and writings strongly reflect the social life and beliefs of the era to which they belong. They mostly analyze and interpret what they see and experience. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) or Immanuel Kant are no exceptions.Kant and Hobbes: Where do they stand?Before attempting to understand the views of Kant and Hobbes, one important problem with such mind-level intellectuals needs to be examined. All the arguments and counter-arguments are mind related problems. Their force lasts up to the mind-barrier only. Once the mind barrier is crossed, these philosophers will shake hands with each other, without any reservations. The inner world being the fountainhead of bliss, the communion with it paves the way for eternal happiness. Happiness of Kant and melancholy of Hobbes are the outcome of their own positive and neg ative thoughts respectively.The desire for peace and eternal happiness so eagerly sought by either these philosophers (or thinkers as one may wish to address them), calls for thought control or mind control. No King, no Dictator, no President, no Chairman, no Military Dictator, no Philosopher can bring peace in his area (country) of governance, unless peace prevails in the hearts and minds of each citizen. It can be achieved by an individual only. From the point of view of relationship between the State and People, it is true that the people need to be basically sound and industrious. But, basic conditions also need to be created for the people to become basically sound and industrious. It is the two way traffic.To control something, we need something more powerful than it. However, there is nothing but soul that is mightier than highly potent individual minds. Until now, our medical world has discerned out that sadness, melancholy, stress and depression (the qualities dearest to th e heart of Hobbes) are related to imbalanced biochemical reactions. However, our physical world being supported by our psychological world, the whole range of biochemical reactions taking place in our body is linked with our thought pattern.Only when our thought process changes (of the common citizen and the rulers) the action process will also change. So, when the thoughts are changed, the mind is changed; when the mind is changed, the man is changed; when the man is changed, the society is changed; when the society is changed, the nation is changed. When the Nations change for the better, world peace becomes the reality. It is in this context, all the texts, all the theories, targeting peace need to be understood.1. Explain as concisely and precisely as possible how Kant weds a pessimistic realism to an optimistic idealism in his political teaching.  The pages of human history daubed in bloodshed relating to the ambitious wars between the kings, violence under the flag of religi on, territorial victories and defeats, ask the crying question. How to make this Planet Earth heaven-like? The answer is simple and direct. Eyes full of understanding, hearts full of love and the life that refuses conflicts—enough, these alone are enough. Kant said it long ago, in his own style. Traditions of historical thought are related to historical continuity.There are certain timeless issues, to which all scholars swearing by any school of thought must apply. Some see contradictions in the views of the authors in Realism and Liberalism. The area of confusion is, â€Å"On the one hand, the issues of war and peace provide a basis for continuity while, on the other, these authors are used to furnish contemporary theories with philosophical roots that lie outside the definition of the discipline.That is, Hobbes provides a theory of human nature and the state which underpin contemporary theories of power politics between states. Similarly, Liberals use the work of Kant to u nderline the domestic bases of international conflict and cooperation. In both cases, the attraction of the classics seems to lie in their holistic – or interdisciplinary – approach to social and political life which denotes a fundamental difference in the intellectual context of classical and contemporary theory.† (Classical†¦)2. Specify exactly where Kant reveals his Hobbesian views.â€Å"Establishing the concrete nature of the intellectual context of classical texts is, thus, important for any conscious reflection on the limits and possibilities of the definition of International Relations and its core concerns. And here again we find that the invention and use of classical traditions for the purpose of defining and structuring contemporary theoretical as well as political debates is often characterized by a lack of attention to specific historical continuities and discontinuities.†(Classical†¦.).Hobbes for Realism and Kant for Liberalism are often quoted. Many debates between these approaches are presented as ‘timeless.’ In the International politics their application is one of understanding to a particular situation, and the identical situation in two countries, may invite different types of response. Hobbes is known as the natural law philosopher. He lived during the most tumultuous period of the European history. The socio-political then prevailing had a profound bearing on his theories and as for his assessment of human nature, he was thoroughly pessimistic.According to Hobbes, a human being is guided by self-interests, and if this craze is not properly checked, the consequences would be highly destructive. He will be at war with his fellow beings. The instinct for survival makes one give respect and take respect. One renounces one’s rights to secure them, one abhors violence to seek protection and guarantee from violence. â€Å"One of the interesting elements of Hobbes's story is that concepts like morality, liberty, justice, property, etc. have no natural, intrinsic or eternal meaning.   They are pure social constructions.As history has shown no set of values will last forever but will evolve as circumstances change† What Hobbes and Kant wrote is in an entirely different context of International Relations as applicable to that era. The importance of theories of Kant or Hobbes becomes less important sometimes, and the objective to be gained holds relevance. In the final analysis, economic or political gains are important, and the ‘timeless’ views of Kant go hand in hand with the Hobbesian views.3. Exactly what makes him think that law and order are possible in international politics?Globalization is the watchword for the twentieth century. Technological advancement and internet revolutions are pushing the concept of globalization very fast, prompting the politicians to move in that direction. They are left with no other choice. The views of the classi cal authors hold even well today and they play an important role in International Relations. Whether Kant believes in the relevance of his theories as for contemporary International Relations or not, the present day International Relations specialists do, and make intensive and extensive use and application of such texts. Realists quote Hobbes, and liberals Kant.Conclusion:Hobbes saw laws as commands. He had his special ideas about the legitimacy of laws and power of governments. He is the ardent supporter of the rule of law. However, one notices latent similarity between their apparently dissimilar views, quite often. Sometimes, the mouth of Kant speaks, through the heart of Hobbes. In yet another occasion, the mouth Hobbes speaks through the heart of Kant. They seem to walk together on a parallel path.References Cited:Kant, Immanuel: Book: Perpetual Peace:Paperback: 72 pagesPublisher: Cosimo Classics (November 1, 2005)Language: EnglishISBN-10: 1596055499ISBN-13: 978-1596055490Arti cle: Classical Theory in International Relations – Cambridge University Presswww.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521866859;ss=exc – 35k –Retrieved on December 9, 2007

How Much Is a Database Worth Essay

1) Many small business owners have found it financially advantageous to purchase their own building. As one owner remarked upon his retirement, â€Å"We did well with the business, but we made our real money by buying the building. † Explain why this might be so. There are three reasons why a small business owner might want to own the building in which they operate. First, the cost of moving around is expensive. Some small business might need large equipment to operate and completing a move might take months. This would interrupt the flow of the business and put a dent in profits. FlexTime is a good example. FlexTime, a gym has an array of workout machines that would be impractical to move over night. Most all those machines need to be taken apart and reassembled which is costly. The second reason is that historically, the price of commercial real estate has gone up. Which means while the owner is paying off his mortgage the value of the building will be increasing. Finally there is very little commercial real estate being developed. Due to this fact, vacancy rates have dropped and rents are rising. According to Conerly (2011), Very little new construction has been completed, and what has been built is almost all owner-occupied or build-to-suit. Almost no speculative real estate has been constructed this past year. Thus when the economy improves, rents will rise immediately (p. 1). 2) To what extent does the dynamic you identified in your answer to item 1 pertain to a database? Do you think it likely that in 2050, some small businesspeople will retire and make statements like, â€Å"We did well with the business but we made our real money from the database we generated? † Why or why not? In what ways is real estate different from database data? Are these differences significant in your answer? Three times Pulitzer Prize winner Thomas L.  Friedman wrote a book titled â€Å"The World is Flat. † Friedman maintains that due to the increase in the use of technology â€Å"the global competitive playing field is being leveled† (p. 8). Now, in 2012 it is evident that his theory is true. In 2050, small business owners will make the above statement because like described about real estate in question one, the owner of the business may sell his database upon retirement. Along with real estate, data or information does not depreciate in value. There are some differences. Some databases have been collecting important data, related to customers, for years. This information could prove to be more valuable than real estate to a competitor in one’s respective industry. Information on customers is priceless. A detailed, in depth database is instrumental in finding out customer needs, habits and reactions to discomforts in the market and can contribute immensely to a small business owner’s success. 3) Suppose you had a national database of student data. Assume your database includes the name, email address, university, grade level, and major for each student. Name five companies that would find that data valuable. And explain how they might use it. Corporate gyms like La fitness and Lifetime fitness would find the student records named above useful. Using the name field they could figure out if the student is male or female. From there they could decide whether to offer jazzercise or boxing classes. Based on what university they belong to the gym can figure out if they have a location in that area to pursue the student. Using e-mail address they could send out promotion deals. Chegg. com is an online company that buys, sells and rents student textbooks. Using the fields; name, major and email address Chegg. om could effectively target students in certain majors and therefore rid their textbooks more efficiently. Major hotels would be all over a student database. Though the university field they could figure out what areas to target which universities. For example, hotels in Florida are likely to send information to students in universities on the east coast, where as Mexico and California hotels might stick to universities a li ttle more west. Hotels in Vegas could use student records like grade level to find out if students are of age. It would be hard to sell Vegas to a student under aged. Delta Airlines would find the information equally valuable because they could promote flights based on university’s vacation schedules along with student names and emails. BikesDirect. com is an online company that allows you to buy, sell and rent bikes. A large number of students ride bikes and for a company like this a student database can be instrumental in their success or expansion. Figuring out which university to target is important. For a bike company they might want to target larger campuses. Through the name field they could figure out gender and email is a good place to send promotions and receive rders. 4) Describe a product or service that you could develop that would induce students to provide the data in item 3. Students in need of tutoring would have to supply the relevant data. If one were to set up a tutoring service that connects all the universities to one database would be useful. From a student’s email account they could request a tutoring session. The university the student provides would be relevant data because the online tutoring service would have to contact one of its tutors in that area so they could easily meet. They would have to supply grade level and major so that the database can match them with a relevant tutor. 5) Considering your answers to items 1 through 4, identify two organizations in your community that could generate a database that would potentially be more valuable than the organization itself. Consider business, but also think about social and government offices. If the Department of Motor Vehicles lost its database it would be catastrophic to the department and our community. The DMV’s database is vast and contains all kinds of records that are important to other government agencies as well. The police department collaborates with the DMV on a daily basis when dealing with traffic situations and suspended licenses. Another organization or agency that has an extensive database is the Department of Labor. They store information like the amount of full time and part time employees, average wage. The Department of Labor’s data is instrumental in figuring out the median income, unemployment rates and the overall direction of the economy.

Drug Abuse In America Essays

Drug Abuse In America Essays Drug Abuse In America Paper Drug Abuse In America Paper The invention of drugs has been one of the best breakthroughs man has ever introduced. It has provided hope and longer life to many individuals who are experiencing certain illnesses or diseases. Without the invention of drugs, many would still be dying from simple diseases. In the past years, developments and innovations have been introduced to drugs thus, now, there are more drugs that are readily available in the market and almost every disease has a corresponding drug to cure it. Gone were the days when only prayers and fervent of hopes of healing serve as the only sources of cure. Man has become more advanced in science and technology and relatively healthier. However, attached with all the advancements in the production of drugs are problems on improper and illegal use. Despite the inclusion of instruction labels and specifications from physicians, there are still many who commit mistakes in properly using drugs and in taking the right dosage. An improper use of drugs may lead to various complications and irritations or even new diseases, thus care must be exercised when using prescribed drugs. Aside from the improper use, there are also those who tend to abuse the use of certain drugs. They get so attached with the substance and gradually become addicted with it. There are also some substances that are specifically created for minimal consumption and taking more than the required dosage may lead to addiction. These drugs are controlled by the state and are not readily given to the patient without the proper prescription; they cannot be purchased over the counter. Despite the regulation on these drugs, there are still those who abuse it and become addicted. Drug Dependence Drug dependence is the compulsion to use a drug to experience psychological or physical effects. It may come in various forms such as habituation, addiction and tolerance (Microsoft Encarta online Encyclopedia, 2008). There is tolerance when the body has become so familiar with the use of the drug that in order to achieve the pharmacological effect desired, there is a need to increase the dosage. This situation is also worsened when the drug is prescribed to be used for along period of time such as weeks or months. When the body has been accustomed with the drug, withdrawing from use might prove to be a challenge. The patient might experience drug withdrawal effects such as nausea, difficulty in sleeping, restlessness, headaches and sweating. Habitual drug dependence on the other hand is characterized by a continued longing or desire for the drug even if the body no longer needs it. The patient believes that the drug produces a certain kind of happy feeling or elation on his part and non-use of such drug may affect the functioning of his body. Addiction on the other hand is a craving for the drug. The patient fervently believes that the drug is a necessity and his body cannot function normally without it. Commonly abused drugs are categorized in to six groups: hallucinogens, inhalants, cannabis, sedatives of this kind are cocaine and amphetamine drugs. Cocaine is medically used to produce anaesthesia that would be employed in the surgery of the throat and the nose. Amphetamines on the other hand are utilized to treat hay fever and colds. They affect the nervous system, elevate mood, heighten alertness and decrease fatigue. They are also used for the treatment of the sleep order narcolepsy. Hallucinogens are used for dying patients, drug abusers, mentally ill and alcoholics. They are only used occasionally. Tolerance of the drug develops rapidly but not withdrawal syndromes are felt if the use of the drug is discontinued. Among the hallucinogens which were abused widely in the 196s were lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline. Inhalants on the other hand are not actually drugs but substances which are sniffed. The common examples of inhalant are aerosols, glue or gasoline. These substances if smelled, produce slight brain stimulation or unconsciousness, depending on the dosage of the inhalant. Among the common effects of this kind of drug are impaired vision and judgment, and reflex and muscle control. If this kind of drug is used over along a period of time, it may yield to more adverse results such as death and permanent brain damage. Cannabis on the other hand is a kind of drug that comes from plant sources such as marijuana and hashish. Both of these drugs are usually smoked for relaxation, to accelerate the heart beat, heighten the functioning of the senses of hearing, smell, taste and touch. These drugs also have the effect of slowing down time. The effects of this kind of drug vary from the dosage taken and the prevalent circumstances when the substance was consumed. The drug harms the lungs in the same way that tobacco does. It also affects the physical and psychological maturation of the individual infusing it to his system. Sedatives of this kind are valiums, barbiturates and librium. This kind of drug produces dependence from the drug just like dependence from alcohol. Abrupt withdrawal from this kind of drug may cause adverse effects such as convulsions, insomnia, shaking or death (Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia, 2008). Signs and Symptoms of Drug Addiction Drug addiction can be seen through several signs and symptoms. Among the indications of addiction to drugs are: increase r decrease in appetite, smell of substance in the hair, clothing or breath of the abuser, extreme activeness or hyperactivity, needle marks, changes in habits, difficulty in paying attention, moodiness, paranoia and unexplained need for money. Other signs include violent temper, suspicious behaviour, change in grooming habits, possession of drug paraphernalia and change in the overall attitude of the individual (Narconon, n. d. ). Reasons of Drug Addiction There are several reasons why people use illegal drugs and abuse legal drugs. The perceived effects generated from these drugs encourage people to try them and experience the desired effect. According to Teens Health (2007), people experiment with drugs which are prescribed because they believe that such drugs can aid them in losing weight, having fun, fitting in and studying effectively. Compared to street drugs, prescription drugs are more often purchased because of the accessibility of buying. Anyone can purchase prescription drug, one only needs to present the prescription mandating the use such drug. Aside from this, many also have the wring notion that prescription drugs are safer because many adults use them. However, prescription drugs are not for everyone’s consumption. These drugs are only safe for those people to whom the drugs are specifically prescribed for because doctors are monitoring the effects of the drugs on the patient. Effects of Drug Addiction There are also health consequences of drug addiction to the drug abuser. Among the consequences are experiencing drug related medical emergencies and mental birth defects or death to the children of women who are abusing drugs while they are pregnant. Chronic drug use can also lead to diseases like hepatitis and tuberculosis. Drug users are also more prone to sexually-transmitted diseases because of the high risk sexual behaviour that they exhibit (NCJRS, n. d. ). Abuse of medications does not only affect the individual physically and psychologically but also the society. Most drug users are violent and have a great tendency to commit crimes even if they do not want to. Drug users also experience trouble in school, with friends, at home and with the law. The possibility of committing criminal acts, being a victim thereof or encountering accidents is higher when a person is an illegal drug user or a drug abuser. Based on the data of the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS), there is an estimated 1. 14 million arrests for the violation of drug laws and the largest percentage of the said arrests pertain to drug possession. Drug tests for arrestees also revealed that most of them are positive for drug use. In a survey conducted among federal detainees, it was discovered that most drug offenders, robbers and burglars in state prisons reported that they are under the influence of drugs when they committed the crime. Statistics of Drug Addiction in the United States In the in the United States, there is substantial variation in the age of the drug users, however, statistics indicate that the there is an increasing number of young people who are getting more hooked with the habit. In 2001, survey shows that 3. 8 percent of youths who are 12 or 13 years old were reported to be using illegal drugs. The age group of youths which registered the most users fall between the ages of 18 to 20 years old (Policy Almanac, 2002).. The most common gender of drug users is male. Among the reported cases, 8. 7 percent are male which 5. 5 percent are female. In terms of race or ethnicity, 7. 2 percent are whites and the same goes true for blacks. The Hispanics constitute 6. 4 percent of the reported cases. Asians and Pacific Islanders have the lowest percentage of drug use in the United States. In terms of education, those who have attained higher education such as those who have completed their tertiary level of education have a lower incidence of drug use as compared to those who are out of school or have attained a lower level education. However, drug use is nearly the same in full-time college students and part-time students. There is also a greater percentage of drug use among the unemployed as compared to those who are employed (Policy Almanac, 2002). Drug addiction is a menace to families and the society. There are so many people who are affected and so many consequences that it yields to. However, the face of all these negative findings about drug addiction, the sale of illegal drugs is still prevalent in the society. There are still more people who are curious to try it or who cannot kill the habit. In the United States, illegal drugs remain available in the market. As compared to the sale of drugs of illegal drugs in the previous decades, there is a higher number of people who are selling illegal drugs. They are more available now than they were in the past years (NCJRS, n. d. ). Drug addicts find too much difficulty removing in their system the abuse of drug substances because of the satisfaction that they are getting from it. They do not realize the repercussions of their actions or even of they do, they do not have the courage or the will power to fight them. In combating the illegal drugs, there have been various laws passed by Congress to stop it. However, these laws seem to be insufficient as it does not actually treat the problem on drug addicts. The proper treatment must be employed so that addicts will be able to reform and be better individuals. If drug addicts are not reformed, they will continually cause menace to the society. Principles of Treatment of Drug Dependents There are various principles of effective treatments for drug addicts. The first principle is no single treatment is appropriate for all individuals. The treatment settings should match the interventions and services designated for the specific problems of the patient. Second, treatment should be available. The individual should be ready for treatment when the treatment is employed. It is important that the patient is ready to be treated so that it can take effect in the proper perspective. Second, treatment should be readily available. The patient’s determination of his readiness to go through trial has no specific period. If there is a period wherein treatment is specifically available, then the patient may not be able to avail healing by the time that he is ready. Third, treatment should be holistic and simply limited to the drug use problem of the individual. The problem of the patient should be seen in relation to his medical records, psychological, social, emotional, and physical needs. It should also address the vocational and legal problems of the patient. In addition, the treatment plan accorded to the patient should be in consonance with his continuously changing needs. The patient should be regularly assessed to determine the factors that should be given attention to. Fourth, adequate duration of time should be allotted for the treatment of the patient. The length of time that the patient has been going through the recovery may affect the results of the healing. Fifth, the plan should include behavioural therapies and counselling to engage the patient in the treatment process. Motivation, building skills in resisting drug use, and replacing the drug abuse and illegal drug use with rewarding non-drug activities. Building the right approach and creating the proper motivation and behavioural skills may prove to be helpful for the patient in combating the temptation of drug use. There should be a strong motivation to continue with the process in order to become effective. Sixth, the patient should be medically detoxified. The treatment should aid the patient in removing in his system the drugs which he abused and help him recover from the symptoms of withdrawal that he is experiencing. However, this process alone is not sufficient for the treatment of the patient (NIDA, 2008). Approaches to Treatment There are various approaches to treatment that are being employed by drug rehabilitation organizations. Among the treatments are the antagonist maintenance treatment, narcotic antagonist treatment, out patient drug-free treatment and long term residential treatment (NIDA, 2008). These approaches are employed depending on the needs of the patient and the result of his medical assessment. Rehabilitation from drug use is dependent on the proper treatment that should be employed. Treatment against illegal drug use and drug abuse should not be merely limited to the medical aspect. The approach should be holistic and should address all issues so that the patient can have a support system that will aid him through the process of change. If only one aspect is addressed, there is a possibility that the patient will not gain full healing and go back to the habit of drug use. Rehabilitation from drug use means erasing the bad habits and creating a new person who can face the challenges of life without depending on drugs. Drug laws and rehabilitation of drug users should have a good understanding of the natured of drug abuse and the elements thereof so that the proper treatment and care will be imposed. There should be an effective intervention developed and a comprehensive research and study on the topic (National Academy Press, 2001). Dealing with drug users is no ordinary task. It involves lives and the reform thereof. References â€Å"America’s Drug Abuse Profile†. (n. d. ). National Criminal Justice and Reference Service. Retrieved 6 September 2008, from ncjrs. gov/htm/chapter2. htm Drug Abuse in America: 2001†. (2002). Policy Almanac. Retrieved 6 September 2008 from policyalmanac. org/crime/archive/drug_abuse. shtml â€Å"Drug Addiction Signs†. (n. d. ). NARCONON. Retrieved 6 September 2008 from, addictionca. com/drug-addiction-signs. htm â€Å"Drug Dependence†. (2008). Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Retrieved 6 September 2008 from, http://encarta. msn. com/encyclopedia_761560733/Drug_Dependence. html â€Å"Informing America’s Policy on Illegal Drugs†. (2001). National Academy Press. Retrieved 6 September 2008 from nap. edu/openbook. php? record_id=10021page=R1 â€Å"Prescription Drug Abuse†. (2007). Teen’s Health. Retrieved 6 September 2008 from http://kidshealth. org/teen/drug_alcohol/drugs/prescription_drug_abuse. html â€Å"Principles of Drug Addiction Treatment: A Research Based Guide†. (2008). National Institute on Drug Abuse. Retrieved 6 September 2008 from, nida. nih. gov/PODAT/PODAT1. html

Prescription Drugs Essays - Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology

Prescription Drugs Essays - Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacology Prescription Drugs In a recent article, an MNBC correspondent brought up the issue of high prices on prescription drugs. Many of these drugs are special vitamins, as well as supplements that certain peoples bodies lack and need and are forced to buy. This poses a financial problem. If this were to happen in both Canada and the United States, many families in both countries would suffer severely for this medical reason, a reason they shouldnt have to pay for. In some aspects, this is selfish of the government. By leaving these drugs to be overpriced, the government is basically turning a blind eye towards the fact that many of these people are having to spend an extra thousand dollars, maybe an extra thousand dollars they dont have. The prices on these drugs could easily be regulated, but, as stated in the article, the money that these companies receive goes towards research and cures for the treatments these people are receiving. So it comes down to health care. Should the health care system pay for these? While it would solve problems, it would also produce them. People with privatize health care are settled, they put in a certain amount of money each month, and they get these medications along with the system. If a common health care system would pay for these drugs, two things would occur. First, the health cares budget would go down. Not just a little, but it would plummet. Health care coming out of taxes would not be enough, and as a result, taxes would be raised. This is probably the last thing people want. Secondly, many, many people would go away from the deal much richer. Basically, its like asking for everyone else to pay for their problems. So whos to blame? Nobody, really. You cant say its a persons fault for being sick and requiring medical help. Also, you cant expect everyone else to pay for them to get better, a lot of people cant afford higher taxes, and its punishing them. So it is a problem with difficult solutions, but the best solution would be for the government to limit the high prices of these drugs, but at the same time, put more and more money into research for finding a cure for these illnesses. This would solve both problems, and with the budget in both Canada and the United States, this wouldnt pose too many financial problems. Bibliography Source: msnbc.com/news/245699.asp

The Tale of Two Cities Book the Third Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Tale of Two Cities Book the Third - Essay Example Dickens brings both his beginning and ending together in this way, making the entire novel itself a double. Carlton, who himself is a double with Darnay, recognizes that his sacrifice is far, far better than the selfish life he has led, and that it provides him with a chance at resurrection, another theme of the novel. Darnay is what Carlton has failed to become, but by the end of the novel, Carlton’s goodness has surpassed Darnay’s. Dickens continues this particular double with the prophecy that Darnay and Lucie will have another child—a son, whom they will name after Carlton and whom will become the kind of person Carlton did not become in his lifetime. Their daughter, â€Å"Little Lucie,† is also a double, of her mother. Darnay is arrested not once, but twice, before Carlton is executed in his place. Other characters in this novel are also doubles: the loving and nurturing Lucie as opposed to the hateful and murderous Madame Defarge, for example, which underscores his themes. It can be said, with good evidence, that doubles is Dickens’ main motif he uses in this novel. The entire novel is constructed as one big double, making the emotional impact even more powerful. Dickens is a genius, both in the way he constructs this novel, and in the way he presents his characters and themes, throughout the entire novel and especially in the third and final part.

An analytical understanding of the operational situation of Tesco Coursework

An analytical understanding of the operational situation of Tesco - Coursework Example Center of discussion in this paper is Tesco in United Kingdom that has transformed its business operation in order to gain hold of a larger market share in the retail market of the region. Furthermore the company with the help of its organisational structure and scientific way of operations has earned the potential in gaining a strong foothold in United Kingdom. The following paper conducts a thorough analysis of the above parameters and presents the situational advantages of Tesco amidst its various competitors operating in the United Kingdom market. The process of business transformation in the supermarket giant, Tesco operating in United Kingdom gains momentum through a clear cut planning activity aimed at providing value addition to the existing set of supply chain activities. Effective planning helped in rendering dynamism to the existing supply chain network of the concern and thereby also helped the company to operate across international borders. Moreover the business process of the company operating in the home market also went a huge transformation through the introduction of loyalty schemes and also through operating via the online sphere. Both these activities helped in the enhancement of brand awareness of the company in the regional markets and also in augmenting the brand equity for the concern. Tesco operating via the online sphere gained hold of a larger market share and through the loyalty card schemes gained a niche group of loyal consumers in every region. Business transformation in Tesco was not only brought about by bringing effective modifications in the supply chain mechanism but also through the modification brought about in the existing formats. Further the company also revised its business and distribution process through the opening up of several local stores in the different regions they focused to conduct business upon. Working on another set of business strategy in reducing the price of products sold while operating through a numb er of business outlets, Tesco aimed at gaining a larger pie of the consumer markets both in the home country and in the international zones. In the supply chain activities the company management worked in bring about close monitoring activities through introduction of periodical audits. Further the supplier groups were also called by the company management to be rendered training on issues like enhancement and sustenance of product quality