Research paper on carnival Essay

Mardi gras only when the name Mardi gras conjures up images of drunken, bead- tiring revelers dancing through with(predicate) the streets of brand-new-fashi aned Orleans. But how, and when, did this ample mid-winter subdivisiony give-up the ghost started? Heres a look at the history of Mardi gras through disclose the ages and across the nations. Her adult male states, Historians tell us that the antiquated Romans in whole likelihood kicked off the Mardi gras solemnisations. (pg. 115)Their mid-February fiesta kn witness as Lupercalia honored the god Lupercus, alternately known as the god of fertility and the god of agriculture and coarse shepherds. In either case, his break openy definitely had Mardi Gras-like qualities, including daytimes of feasting and drinking. And a little enjoying the pleasures of the flesh, probably, too in fact, the term amusement park, often same with Mardi gras, is derived from the Latin expression meaning fargon comfortably to the flesh. Li ke or so of the ancient Roman and Greek fetes, Lupercalia was adopted and adapted by the Church as a way of subtly converting the local pagans to Christianity. The circus-like celebration of Lupercalia thus morphed into a last fling onwards the descent of the Lenten period. Lent refers to the 40 days of pertinence and purification celebrated between modify Wednesday and easter Sunday.During Lent, the religiously faithful refpelting from a number of indulgences of the flesh, including consume meat. (pg. 220) What began as a Roman-based celebration quickly shell discover across the European continent. By medieval clips, lords were hosting carnivals prior to Lent in honor of the rough drawing of their new knights. Each region and country celebrated their own usages, however entirely were indulgent. pic In France, this period of revelry before Lent was in transgressicular raucous. In fact, the term Mardi gras is a prove expression meaning exposit Tuesday likely refe rring to the indulgent nature of the pre-Lenten celebration. The name may nourish been a good deal than just onlyegorical, however. Ancient pagans often marked their fertility ritual by parading a fattened ox through the town before sacrificing it. (lent pg. 101) It was to a fault the French who brought the celebration to America. Many historians believe the officey crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1699, on the ship of a French explorer named Sieur dIberville.The Frenchman landed in what is today Louisiana, just south of in the altogether Orleans, the heart of Americas modern-day Mardi Gras celebrations. In fact, his landing is believed to croak coincided with the French celebration of Mardi gras, explaining his choice of name for his dit of entry flush du Mardi Gras. However, dispute the dIberville connection, cont deceaseing that it was the earlier French chastentlers to Louisiana who introduced Mardi gras to America. Regardless of the in truth(prenominal) origin, Mardi gras bottom of the inning clearly be attri anded to a Franco-influence. By the mid 1820s, Mardi gras was steadfastly rooted in the New Orleans culture. Lent later states that Today, the metropoliss celebrations ar considered one of Americas biggest parties, with towns and cities throughout the disjunction Coast Region getting in on the fun. (112) Zulu (krewe of Mardi gras)Early in 1909, a group of laborers who had organized a club named The Tramps, went to the Pythian Theater to chequer a medical specialtyal comedy performed by the Smart Set. The comedy include a skit en human actiond, T here Never Was and Never Will Be a exponent like Me, about the Zulu Tribe. (herman pg. 201) The earliest signs of plaque came from the fact that the legal age of these men belonged to a Benevolent care Society. Benevolent Societies were the number 1 forms of insurance policy in the Black community where, for a small amount of dues, members standard financial help when sick or financia l aid when bury deceased members. Conversations and interviews with ancienter members besides indicate that in that era the city was divided into wards and each ward had its own group or Club. The Tramps were one such group. After eyesight the skit, they retired to their meeting business office (a room in the rear of a restaurant/bar in the 1100 block of Perdido Street), and emerged as Zulus. (pg 210). concord to herman, This group was probably made up of members from the Tramps, the Benevolent Aid Society and new(prenominal)(a) ward-based groups. While the Group marched in Mardi gras as early as 1901, their prototypic appearance as Zulus came in 1909, with William Story as magnate. The group wore raggedy pants, and had a Jubilee-singing quartet in forward of and behind poof Story. His costume of lard nates crown and banana stalk baton has been well documented. The Kings succeeding(a) William Story, (William Crawford 1910, Peter Williams 1912, and Henry Harris 1914) , were similarly attired. (pg. 214). 1915 heralded the prototypical use of floats, constructed on a spring wagon, using dry ethical boxes. The float was decorated with palmetto leaves and moss and carried four Dukes along with the King. That humble beginning gave make grow to the lavish floats we see in the Zulu expose today. On September 20, 1916, in the notorial office of Gabriel Fernandez, the Zulu Social Aid and Pleasure Club were incorporated. Twenty-two of the organizations officers and members signed the first official document.The Geddes and Moss Funeral Home, located on chapiter Avenue, play an integral part in Zulus beginning, and consider proceed to do so throughout the age. The first official toast of King Zulu and his Queen is held at this establishment each socio-economic class. Zulus were not without their contr oversies, either. In the 1960s during the height of Black awareness, it was unpopular to be a Zulu. Dressing in a grass skirt and donning a black fac e were seen as being demeaning. Large numbers of black organizations protested against the Zulu organization, and its membership dwindled to approximately 16 men. James Russell, a long- cartridge clip member, served as president in this period, and is credited with guardianship the organization together and slowly bringing Zulu back to the forefront. (pg. 220) In 1968, Zulus route took them on two major streets namely, St. Charles Avenue and Canal Street, for the first time in the modern era to see the Zulu parade, you had to travel the alleged(prenominal) back streets of the Black neighborhoods.The segregation laws of this period contri buted to this, and Zulu customs duty also compete a part. In those days, neighborhood bars sponsored certain floats and, consequently, the floats were obligated to give back those bars. Passing meant stopping, as the bars advertised that the Zulus volition stop here Once stopped at a sponsoring bar, it was often difficult to get the riders out of the establishment, so the other floats took off in divergent directions to run their obligations. Zulu has grown trem ratiocinationously over the years. This continual growth is credited to the members for their love, committal and dedication to this organization. In 1978, the organization opened its doors to their new home, a two-story hurl installing houses a lounge downstairs for members and guests to enjoy themselves. Of all the throws to rain down from the many floats in the parades during carnival, the Zulu cocoanut or Golden Nugget is the closely sought after.The earliest reference to the coconut appears to be about 1910 when the coconuts were disposed from the floats in their pictorial hairy state. Some years later on that point is a reference to Lloyd Lucus, the sign painter, scraping and painting the coconuts. This was the forerunner to the attractively decorated coconuts we see today. (pg. 229) With the proliferation of lawsuits from multitude alleging inju ry from thrown coconuts, the organization was unable(p) to get insurance coverage in 1987. So that year, the honored usage was suspended. After much lobbying, the Louisiana Legislature passed SB188, aptly dubbed the Coconut Bill, which excluded the coconut from liability for alleged injuries arising from the coconuts handed from the floats. On July 8, 1988, then-governor Edwards signed the bill into law. (pg. 233) carnival in the CaribbeanHundreds of years ago followers of the Catholic religion in Italy started the tradition of holding a wild costume festival respectable before Lent. Be dress Catholics are not supposed to eat meat during Lent, they called their festival, carnevale-which government agency to put away meat. (internet site caribbean carnival)As time passed, carnivals in Italy became instead famous. The practice spread to France, Spain and Portugal. As these Catholic countries began to take control of the Americas and other parts of the world, they brought with th em their tradition of celebrating amusement park. In many parts of the world, where Catholic Europeans set up colonies and entered into slave trade, carnival took root. Today carnival celebrations are demonstrate throughout the Caribbean. Traditions of the cultures wipe out come together and especially African switch and music traditions transformed the early European carnival traditions in the Americas. consequential to the Caribbean festival arts are the ancient African traditions of parading and moving in circles through villages in costumes and masks. These traditions were believed to bring good fortune, to heal problems and chill out angry spirits. Caribbean carnival traditions also borrow from the African culture the tradition of creating pieces of sculpture, masks and costumes. For the Caribbean heap carnival became an important way to express their rich ethnic traditions. It takes many months of coming up with a theme or boilers suit concept and developing costumes for the dancers. Lots of creativity, energy and patience is put into operation such as welding, painting, sewing, gluing, applying feathers, sequins and glitter. amusement park groups, entertained by music orchestras, parade and dance fractureing costumes depicting a common theme.When Carnival first began it was celebrated from December 26 until Shrove Tuesday (the day before Ash Wednesday). today Carnival festivities and activities are being held year-round in the Caribbean. The dates on which Carnival celebrations such as music competitions, festivals, concerts, street jump-ups, beauty pageants, balls, parades etcetera take place may vary from country to country, from island to island. For days, somemultiplication workweeks, the passel of the Caribbean express themselves socially and artistically and sheer joy with visitors from all over the world. (internet sit Caribbean carnival)Everyone, including the spectators, is part of the celebrations.Antigua and BermudaThe festivi ties reveal the many influences that formed the Antiguan society, cultural, social and political. over the years cultural elements from countries like Venezuela, Brazil, Holland, Colombia and the United States have slipped into the Antiguan community and blended with and into the unique world famous carnival celebration with its typical characteristics of creativity and rhythm, dance happiness, Flamboyant costumes, Beauty pageants, talent shows, and Great music. All these and more define a fantastic celebration of happiness that is the Antigua Carnival. In retrospect, the Antigua Carnival dates back in August 1 of 1834 when slavery was entirely abolished. In 1666, it was ravaged by French inhabitants but was soon conquered by the British and was officially restored to them by the Treaty of Breda. It all started when the local natives immediately went to the streets to express their joyful celebration of freedom.As the years passed by, it continued not until in 1957 where it was d eclared an official Antigua Carnival. (oduber pg. 97) Since then, the Antigua Carnival has certain into ten days packed with revelry in a glitzy bearing of dance to the bone of the Calypso. It includes term, jump-ups and shows which always took place around the last week of July up to the first week of August. The Antigua Carnival is undeniably the best(p) time for tourists to immerse with the culture of this Caribbean island. If you head to the city, you are fortunate to witness the pan Ban, a steel orchestra, practicing for the topic.(oduber pg. 99) They go by troupes as they set up a Mas Camp, a base where their intricate wardrobes are made. It is also the starting point as they walk to the metropolis to open the Antigua Carnival. The lively gist culminates by a massive road party called Jouvert, which bureau day break. Everybody is literally on their feet as they sway to the beat of the drums from the young night until the middle cut throughing.Barbados ( civilise ov er)Masquerading was an old African tradition, where they paraded in masks and costumes through the villages to bring good luck and to remove evil spirits. Originally materials for costumes were natural things such as grass, beads, bones, etc. Head-pieces and Masks were made of feathers to symbolize that raft can spiritually rise above anything. Most European colonies within the Caribbean who were part of the slave trade have Carnival or Carnival-like celebrations. (praiser pg. 23)Now in whopping countries like USA, Canada and England, where they are Caribbean communities you will find Carnival celebrations.The tale of tramp everyplaceThe end of the sugar cane harvest, or go Over as it is almost always referred to, has long been the occasion for celebration. In what seems to be the earliest reference to the Crop Over festival, we find the manager of northward Plantation writing in 1788 to the estates proprietor in England, relation him that he had held a dinner and sober dance for the slaves, express twas a celebration of Harvest Time after the crop. (housman pg. 304) Many aspects of grove life in Barbados carried on unchanged after the end of slavery, and the Crop Over festival likewise continued. Never the less there must have been an important difference in the way in which the festival was perceived. Before emancipation, the planter had no choice but to support his slaves, well or badly as the case might have been, all year round. After 1838, for most people Crop Over meant not just the end of a period of hard work, but also the beginning of a period of less work and lower wages. For many the interval between two crops would indeed have been hard times, and the symbol of these, perhaps not invented until after Emancipation, was the figure of a man stuffed with trash (the dried leaves of the sugar cane plant) which was known as Mr. Harding. (pg. 311) Mr. Harding was formally introduced to the manager of the plantation, and, according to some accou nts, later fire as part of the celebrations which must have had a tinge of desperation to them as people strove to enjoy themselves while they could.The festival was apparently fairly common at the beginning of the present century, by which time the name Crop Over seems to have ousted that of Harvest Time. A procession of carts would bring the last canes to the plantation yard, the draught animals being decorated with flamboyant, frangipani and other flowers, whilst brightly colored person kerchiefs would be tied like flags to the canes. The laborers would parade around the yard, and it was at this point that that they would introduce Mr. Harding to the manager, after which they would adjourn for a dance, for the manager or the owner of the estate would normally summate some salt meat and rum. tear down by 1940 Crop Over was being described as a custom which has very nearly died out, according to Housman (pg. 316), and the continuing spurn of sugar and the growing availability o f other sources of exercisement had put an end to much of traditional plantation life. The modern Crop Over, revived by the Board of Tourism in 1974 and now administered by the National heathen Foundation, pays tribute to the fact that sugar is still important in Barbados and the coarse influence which it has had on our history. The present day festival is very distinguishable from the old time Crop Over, but it continues as a tradition by offering a thrilling celebration of many aspects of Bajan Culture, old and new.CROP-OVER CARNIVALCrop-over has become the centerpiece of Barbados culture, a process enriched by much history, a savvy visitor promotional sense, and the great nearby pre-Lenten Carnival of Trinidad & Tobago. Conga-line from April 22 May 01 begins with the longest Conga line in the Caribbean and features a series of concerts at the Malibu Conga line Village. May 1 is the finale, where bands, floats and Carnival goers take part in the May Day Parade, The Caribbeans orotundst pass Carnival begins on the first Saturday with the Decorated cart and float crack and Gala crop-over opening. (praiser pg.31) This parade begins at Bridgetown Independence Square in the early afternoon and finishes at the National Stadium. Here, the opening ceremony takes place with the ceremonial delivery of the last canes and the crowning of the king and queen of the festival followed by an excellent night of entertainment and socializing. The festival, revived in 1974 following a 30-year hiatus, continues to grow and evolve with the culture. Unlike most Carnivals whose grow are in spring, Crop-over is a harvest festival dating back centuries to the end of the sugar cane season.The end to all the grueling and arduous work was marked by the final delivery of canes to the mill. Surely a cause for song, dance and general jubilation, as such, the workers would begin the festivities by boisterously telling each other CROP OVER. Folk Concerts celebrating the emancipation from slavery are popular events during the Carnival season the last Carnival weekend features the most important Carnival events. On Friday, there will be the Pic-O-De-Crop Finals at the National Stadium. The next night in the wee hours of Sunday morn, the Fore-Day morning jump-up will go down from 2am till dawn. Before this special event is the steelpan competition. Cohobblo circle is a huge carnival-like show where the most popular calypsonians and bands perform on Carnival Sunday night. The Calypso Contest is one of the worlds best even though it features primarily local talent.Before the best singer/songwriters of the season are chosen, the talent will perform their new compositions at many venues or tents. These tents, with names like Super Gladiators, Conquerors, kinsperson of Soca, Pioneers and Stray Cats, play an important role in deciding who will win the title of Party Monarch, Road March Monarch and the Pic-O-De-Crop Monarch. The King and Queen of the bands competition is also an important part of the Cohobblopot Sunday show. enamour tickets in advance since the National Stadium can sell out, particularly with all the talk about not allowing it to be broadcast on free TV. (pg. 37) All this buildup makes for a memorable marvelous Finale, or as they say at Barbados Crop-over, the Grand Kadooment. Here, over two dozen large costumed bands will go dancing down de road inviting everyone to jump up with them as they make their way to the ocean surf. (pg. 42) TukIndigenous to Barbados, its a combination of African and British military rhythms with the musicians dressed in minstrel like costumes creating music from kettledrums, bass drums and whistles. They play sounds like march band music, old-time waltzes and almost always end with an African beat. According to praier, This is a great spectacle to see. ( pg. 51) The musicians are as serious about their music as any steelband man. Although a part of the old era, it is still very alive and a part of the modern day celebrations with completions staged during Crop Over.Calypso & SocaAlthough calypso is indigenous to Trinidad, it now holds a very bountiful place in the Crop over Celebration. Like Trinidad Carnival, it has all the trimmings, the Tents, parties, semi-finals judge and then to the Calypso Monarch finals, which take place just before Grand Kadooment. The Bajan artistes are holding their own with this art form and have even created new forms like Ringband and Ragga-soca, a definite invention of the Bajan calypsonians. (pg. 55)SteelbandBorrowed from Trinidad, the Bajans have taken it, and now the popularity and growth of the steelband in Barbados is phenomenal, states praiser. (pg. 68) with every year seeing the improvement of the sound and quality of the music to the extent that steelband has now taken a place on the curriculum of many of the schools on the island.Grand KadoomentThe grand finale, a parade of the costumed bands for the final competition for fashion d esigner of the Year Crown. The revelers are dressed in elaborate costumes depicting variant themes dancing to music play from the most popular bandstands, with disc jockeys confidential information their way down to Spring Garden where they would be judged for this coveted crown. (pg. 73) St. Vincent and the Grenadines (vincy mas)HistoryHugh Ragguette, a name that is synonymous with Carnival in St. Vincent explained to The Vincentian that the historic roots of Carnival lie in deep antiquity since at the dawn of history, man celebrated several festivals of which Carnival was one. The Kalinagos and other indigenous peoples who live St. Vincent had their festivals. With the introduction of slavery, the Africans with their varying cultures and rich variety added to those expressions. Although the practice of wearing mas came from Africa and was later on adopted by the Greek and Romans, it was actually the French who celebrated carnival in the Caribbean as the highlight of the year. After the British supplanted the French, the practice continued. The wearing of Mas in carnival was introduced by the Pope in Rome in 1494 and then spread throughout Europe. (Sutty pg. 37) Naturally, the slaves participated in these festivals at a different level. The slaves would have noted and participated in the festival, albeit at a different level.Naturally, they were not invited to the mas balls and dances. stated however, when chattel slavery ended, the freed slaves embraced carnival and turned it into a callaloo pot, adding elements of the respective cultures.(pg 38) They took to the streets and displayed the theatrical spectacle they had created and to vent their subdued creative abilities. These street marches took place on the Monday and Tuesday before Ash Wednesday. Unable to chain the work force and feet of the slaves any longer, in 1892, he related, the colonial Governor banned the festival claiming that the revellers were lashing out at each other and observers with whips. Ragguette held other opinion, The of import reason was to suppress the peoples culture and their peculiar African expressions. The coloniser could not understand these expressions and valued to stifle them. The fire that burnt within slavery was reduced to mere embers and in 1879, fuelled by the unchainable African spirit it leapt into flames again. In 1899, the people decided that come what may, ban or no ban, which they were going to celebrate.They began the celebrations as early as the Friday preceding Ash Wednesday. As a result, the colonisers brought out what was termed the armed might of the Empire. (pg 44) The people resisted and a riot broke out, writing the Carnival Riots of the 11th and twelfth February into this countrys history books. From then on, Carnival has been a part of St.Vincents culture. Four years later, carnival fever spread to Trinidad in the south where the festival had been banned resulting in the Comboule Riots. throughout the years people have built on and experimented with the components of Carnival to the extent Trinidadians have invented a musical instrument in the form of the steel pan to put forward accompanying music to its calypso. ( pg. 47).By 1973, it was virtually impossible to hold all the Carnival shows during the Wednesday and Tuesday period. Our pan, our calypso, and particularly our Mas has reached a level of development that it needed to spread its wings outside the Catholic Christian Carnival to a more embracing festival, Ragguette commented. (pg. 49) Since the festival was held so soon after Christmas and the length of time available for shows coupled with the fact the Trinidad and Tobago, whom Ragguette stated had run away with title of king of Carnival in the world and boasted of having the greatest show on earth, held its Carnival around the same time, it was necessary to move the festival to another season.The June-July period was decided as most suitable. (pg. 50) With more time to work, the CDC wa nted to introduce a Caribbean component into its programme. Antigua and Barbuda already had a Caribbean Calypso arguing and the organisation could not get beyond the logistics of a Caribbean Pan or King and Queen of the Bands competition. sutty explained that it was felt that a show should be unionized to showcase the beauty and profound intelligence of our Caribbean women. (pg. 53). This resulted in the birth of unload Caribbean Carnival Miss Carnival.TrinidadCarnivals principal components are calypso, steelpan and playing mas (masquerade). In the historic capital City of Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, these elements are harmoniously incorporated to form a five day ritual pageant beginning with the King & Queen Contest (Friday), Panorama (Saturday), Dimanche Gras (Sunday), JOuvert (Monday) and the Parade of the Bands (Tuesday). (green pg 57) These briny events and countless others build to an unforgettable epiphany of beauty and stunning display of the irrepressible human spirit bef ore concluding and allowing the quiet first day of Lent and reflection known as Ash Wednesday to be admitted to consciousness. picThe coevals of this worlds greatest Carnival has been attributed to the many cultures of Trinidad and their interaction.While the African influence is predominant, the Carnival carries an overriding theme of unity, a central part of this unique cultures mythology. Trinidads namesake, the holy Trinity is fiendish as the unifying principle. This is the countrys well known motto, resting at the base of the ubiquitous and striking T&T Coat of mail reads, Together we Aspire, Together we achieve. (pg 59).Yet the wisdom lies in paradox for there is no Carnival with more intense competition than Trinidads. picToday Trinidads model for worldly concern celebration is the most widely feignd festival art form in the world. Many Trinidadian Carnival artists are able to work year round performing throughout North America, Europe, and the Caribbean.Jouvert drive Ja b The name of this mas is derived from the French patois for Diable Diable. It is pretty devil mas. The costume consists of a Kandal or satin knickers, and satin shirt with points of cloth at the waist, from which bells hang. On the chest, there is a shaped cloth panel which is decorated with swansdown, rhinestones and mirrors. Stockings and alpagatas are worn on the feet, while the headdress consists of a hood with stuffed cloth horns. The costume can come in alternating colors and be divided into front and back panels. (pg 61) The Jab Jab has a thick whip of plaited hangmans halter which he swings and cracks threateningly. These whips can reduce the costumes of other Jab Jabs to threads. It is not to be confused with Jab Molassie. JAB MOLASSIE Jab is the French patois for Diable (Devil), and Molassie is the French patois for Mlasse (Molasses). (pg 62)The Jab Molassie is one of several varieties of devil mas played in Trinidad and Tobago carnival.The costume consists of short pa nts or pants cut off at the knee, and a mask and horns. The push malassie would carry chains, and wear locks and keys around his waist, and carry a pitch fork. He may plaster his body with grease, tar, mud or colored dyes (red, green or blue). The jab molassie wines or gyrates to a rhythmic beat that is played on tins or pans by his imps. While some of his imps supply the music, others hold his chain, seemingly restraining him as he pulls against them in his wild dance. The differences among the various forms of devil mas were once distinct, but have become blurred over time.Trinidads carnival is a gorgeous paradigm of how carnival can connect the entire world. In this Trinidad little nation, the lifestyle and customs of various cultures come collectively for a short five days every year, the entire country gelt thinking about their dissimilarities to celebrate life Similar to many other countries under colonial rule, the history of Native Americans and African people in Trinidad is atrocious and a sad story. At different times England and Spain both(prenominal) maintained Trinidad as their colonies. Around 1785, Carnival was introduced to Trinidad. The French settlers started to arrive. The custom caught on quick, and fancy balls were held where the rich planters pretend masks, and beautiful dresses, wigs, and dance the whole night.The employ of masks had particular meaning for the slaves, as for several African peoples, masking is usually used in their rituals for the dead. Evidently banned from the masked balls of the French, the slaves would grasp their own tiny carnivals in their gardens using their folklore and own rituals. However they also imitate their masters manners at the masked balls. Carnival has turned out to be a way to convey their authority as someones for African people, and also for their rich cultural traditions. (pg. 102) The slavery was eradicated after 1838, the Africans were freed and started to host their individual carnival c elebrations in Trinidad streets.This carnival developed progressively and sophisticated and rapidly became trendier than the balls. Nowadays, Trinidad carnival is like a mirror that reflects the faces the many immigrant nations from Africa, India, China and Europe. Carnival is such a significant aspect of life in Trinidad, as many schools trust that funding/ sponsoring a carnival band is a way to train youngsters about their culture and roots. According to green, Hundreds of schools and community organizations contribute in Trinidads Kiddies Carnival. In this fashion, communities works as one to build up strong friendships and good respect for the various cultures that make up Trinidad. (pg. 59)BibliographyCaribbean carnival Caribseek.comhttp//www.caribseek.com/adventure_and_entertainment/carnivals/caribbean-carnival.shtml.Carnival in Trinidad. Mustard.org.early 1985 carnival in Trinidadevolution and exemplary menaing.21 February 2008 http//www.mustard.org.uk/articles/trinidad.htm. Cowley, John. Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso Traditions in the Making. Trinidad Macmillan Caribbean May 4, 1988Green, Garth L. 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